UNDERSTANDING THE ITALIAN HISTORY

Student’s Name
Instructor’s Name
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Italian History
Question One
Explain why Columbus’s image has changed through the decades. How did he become a National Hero? How did he become a role model for the Italian minority? Why is Columbus Day criticized by other American minorities?
Throughout the decades, Columbus’ image has changed from being a hero who discovered America to a killer who instigated death to local populations. He became a National Hero in the U.S since he was the first Italian to reach the continent in 1492. His landing in the Americas remains a leading source of motivation to various artists and poets, as seen in paintings and drawings throughout the 1800s and early 1900s (Watts 6). The day was turned into a federal holiday in 1968 following intense lobbying by Italian Americans, leading national leaders in the Supreme Court, Congress, and various American Presidents to turn it into a national holiday in the U.S. In this regard, Columbus remains an inspiration among the Italian minority in America because his seafaring efforts attest to the United States as a country of immigrants, with immigrants contributing to the nation’s growth and prosperity.
Since accidentally discovering the Americas, he became one of the most renowned seafarers globally, leading America to create a national holiday to acknowledge and embrace his efforts. Nonetheless, his image has changed throughout the decades. Since then, a growing portion of the American population believes he contributed to the indigenous American people’s extermination because he openly initiated military invasions in the continent and indirectly through numerous diseases that annihilated a swathe of the native population (Bigelow 112). Even though he focused on achieving his eschatological duty, his means led to immense suffering to the native people and forced the indigenous people to desert their ancestral lands.
Christopher Columbus became a national hero in the renowned Columbian Exchange That facilitated plant exchange aside from enabling the trade of valuables like ideas,disease animals and also culture between the eastern and western hemisphere. Enabling this exchange was fundamental in driving commerce. It also made it more necessary to discover and reach new global regions that played a profound role in transforming the world and introducing the modern age. Columbus was also influential because of his active participation in addressing Italian immigrants’ plights like intense discrimination. His political activism put an Italian look on the explorer and American hero, culminating in his powerful American symbol. His outstanding accomplishments made him a renowned and respected American leader with a memorable holiday set aside to celebrate his legacy and heritage.
Some American minorities criticize Columbus day because it is a divisive holiday. For instance, people cannot use mail service during this federal holiday, leading to profound inconveniences like delays. In some regions, banks are closed during this holiday. Although most Americans accredit him for pioneering and influencing the significant immigration to America, some believed that he was not a heroic figure as most people perceived him to be. Some viewers him an as arch villain who brought diseases and wars and brutalized native Americans in the process. Duvivier holds that the day is also controversial since Christopher Columbus never set foot into America(1).. Therefore some do not see the significance of his contributions mostly because he was also associated with massive genocide and enslavements cases. His approach to commerce and leadership incited Italians to immigrate and cause significant harm in the process. Therefore they do not celebrate his achievements during Columbus day.
 
”Question Two
Explain what factors caused the Italian emigration. What were some social and historical aspects of the emigration?
Italians migrated into the United States at the turn of the 20th century because of two main reasons. First, emigration was made possible following the desire to adapt to a changing world where the trans-national flow of people, goods, and services was increasingly welcome. Proponents of free trade were convinced that emigration was part of liberal development, with protection provided to people and nations that supported the initiative. The liberalists dismissed mercantilists’ proposals, as they argued the Peninsula did not offer proper conditions to sustain the inhabitants (Cunsolo 62). Second, with changes in Europe, the ruling elite believed emigration was the needed safety precaution to prevent risky confrontations between peasants and landlords, avoid social unrest, and an entire revolution.
Between 1861 and 1976, approximately 27 million Italians migrated to various parts of the world, with at least 4 million arriving in the United States during this period. At least 8.5 million returned home during the same period, but the powerful emigration tide persisted, as emigrants sent remittances to assist their family and relatives and boost the economy (Cunsolo 63). As a result, the ruling class supported this trend as a normal and liberal occurrence. Finally, the desire to prosper economically drove many Italians to emigrate. When mass immigration began in the 1840s, the American population increased from 17 million to 105 million people (Ward 1). Italians strived to dominate the local people in host countries for personal benefit. Eventually, the arriving and settling Italians would embrace immigration that prompted collective movements throughout the U.S and other European nations. In this regard, it is apparent that throughout history, social and economic factors are prominent in explaining Italian immigration into the U.S and other countries.
Poverty was among the leading causes of immigration which made it faster when combined with causal factors like political hardship. Duvivier Notes social factors related to emigration, like the goals of going back to italy with the capital to buy land(1). To meet these goals at least 80% of the italians invested in agriculture as the main source of their livelihood. Generating income in the usa was also relatively easier since in italy they had to use inefficient tools because of their antiquity. The lack of technology also deterred any improvement prospects. Other porverty related factors that caused immigration including the harsh living conditions since most italians lived in rooms with one rooms that had no privacy and often lacked plumbing facilities.
Additional social factors that caused the emigration included the isolation of peasants along with the lack of access to social amenities like roads. Landlords took advantage of the social status to impose high rents whereas employees reduced the wages and often provided unsteady incomes. As a result most Italians thought of emigrating to America because of higher wages and better social conditions. For instance in Italy agricultural workers who worked throughout the year only earned 16-30 cents each day (DuVivier 1). On the other hand those working in america would earn at least $18 each week.
Economic factors that caused the emigration included the Italian agricultural crisis that happended during the 19th century. The crisis significantly reduced the grain prices and caused the loss of the fruit and wine markets. These economic conditions inspired the emigration to the usa that showed considerable promise in terms of abundant land,lower taxes higher wages and military drafts.
 
 
 
Works Cited
Bigelow, William. “Once Upon a Genocide: Christopher Columbus in Children’s
Literature.” Language Arts, vol. 69, no. 2, 1992, pp. 112-120.
Cunsolo, Ronald S. “Italian Emigration and its Effect on the Rise of Nationalism.” Italian
Americana 12.1 (1993): 62-72.
Ward, David. “Population Growth, Migration and Urbanization, 1860–1920.” North America:     The historical geography of a changing continent (1990): 299-319.
DuVivier, K.K. “Goodbye Christopher Columbus Langdell?”. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2017. Elsevier BV, doi:10.2139/ssrn.2349754.

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