Regional Divisions U.S. circa 1850

Regional Divisions
Regional Divisions U.S. circa 1850

Regional Divisions U.S. circa 1850
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Southern States Northern States Western Territories
The United States
The Rise of Sectionalism
Abolitionist call slavery a sin against God
immediate end to slavery
Quakers appeal to moral sense
Beginning of a distinct approach to slavery and
labor
Southerners note biological difference of slaves
Southerners defend on grounds of property and states rights
Southern slave owners appeal to everyday man on race and close in on itself
Underlying Causes for Tension
Expansion (Manifest Destiny)
Slavery
Land
Sectionalism
Southern Interests
The Preservation of States Rights
The Extension of the Slave Labor system
The Preservation of Property Rights vis a vis slaves
Northern Interests
Structural Changes and or limitations to the slave labor system
A measured opening of territories west of the Mississippi
Expansion of the industrial capital system
Western Interests
Massive opening of the land west of the Mississippi to exploration and settlement
Federal subsidization of east/west railways
Federal subsidization of agricultural research and development
Anti-Abolitionism and the
Abolitionist Response Gag Rule – A procedural motion that
required that the House of Representatives
automatically table antislavery petitions and
not consider them.
The Proslavery Argument
Peculiar Institution – A term that John C. Calhoun coined to describe Southern slavery. In Calhouns view slavery was
not an evil or a cause of shame but rather a gooda
positive good to be championed.
The New Domestic Ideal
Cult of True Womanhood – A set of beliefs in which womens values were defined in opposition to the
aggressive and competitive values of the marketplace.
The Path towards Seneca Falls
Seneca Falls Convention – A convention of womens rights supporters, held in Seneca Falls, New York, whose resolves
emphatically declared that all men and women are created
equal.
Triggers to Sectional Crisis
Wilmot Proviso of 1846
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848
Discovery of Gold in California 1849
The Compromise of 1850
California admitted Free, Texas Slave
All other territories would follow popular sovereignty
Slavery ended in District of Columbia
Passage of Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
The Coming Crisis
Senator and railroad baron proposes to build a transcontinental railroad with a terminus in Chicago Kansas – Nebraska Act 1854
Would open Kansas – Nebraska Iowa – Missouri to popular sovereignty expansion
Whigs and Democrats split along sectional as opposed to party lines
Consequences of K – N Act
Indians lose land guaranteed by treaty
Free soilers (anti-slavery) and border ruffians (pro-slavery) pour into the Kansas territory in anticipation of statehood
vote for free or slave designation
John Brown and other bands roamed across countryside
Inflammation by Courts
Dred – Scott 1857
Invalidates Missouri compromise by stating that feds no rights to limit movement of private property
Declare blacks free or slave not citizens
Throws case out of the court
1860 Election
Abraham Lincoln becomes first non-southerner to win the
Presidency
Runs on an explicit anti-slavery ticket
Wins all Northern and no southern states
Splitting the Union
Dec. 20 1860 South Carolina leaves the union followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas
February 1861 form the Confederate States of America (Jefferson Davis, President)
April 12, 1861 attack begins on Ft. Sumter
Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina join the Confederacy
Union Response
Homestead Act (1862)
Pacific Railroad Act (1862)
Land Grant College Act (1862)
The First Two Years
Lincoln in speeches makes it clear that the war is to unify the union not to end slavery
The Big Four (Stanford, Huntington, Crocker) capitalized with $15, 000 by 1869 had $200 million in personal fortunes
Government contracting created fortunes for Rockefeller, meat packers of Chicago
Lincolns Aims
Preserve the Union
Everything else secondary
Especially concerned about the border states
Call for 75,000 volunteers
Black volunteers rejected
Lincolns Initial Position
Reluctant to move against slavery, 1861 Border state loyalty
Supported compensated emancipation-colonization
Wanted to end slavery in border states, April 1862
Warned border states to accept compensation or risk getting nothing, July 1862
Lincoln Moves toward
Emancipation
Victory and Union tied to slavery issue
Strike at the heart of the rebellion
Tells his cabinet, summer 1862
William Seward warns Lincoln to wait
Montgomery Blair feared fall elections
Black People Reject Colonization
Lincoln would not retreat from colonization (American Colonization Society)
Liberia
Haiti
Black people not interested
Emancipation Proclamation
Limited to areas still in rebellion
Did not include border states
Changes war goals
Preserve the Union
Make people free
Effects of Proclamation
on the South
Ended chance of foreign recognition
France and England removed from attempt to support Confederacy
Encouraged Slaves to flee
Slaves to resist
Black Men
Fight for the Union
Emancipation Proclamation
Authorized black men to enlist
Union defeats and the need for manpower
Black Men
Fight for the Union
Discrimination and hostility
Segregated units
White officers Often held racist beliefs
Lower pay scale
White privates $13/month
Black privates $10/month
Violent Opposition to Black
People
New York City Draft Riot, July 1863
Draft
Irish men angry
Black men had replaced Irish stevedores, June 1863
Rich white northerners could purchase an exemption
Riot lasted four days
Colored Orphan Asylum
Churches
Republican and abolitionists houses destroyed
Violent Opposition to Black
People
Union troops and slaves
Often treated slaves horribly
Rapes and assaults were not uncommon
Others found compassion for enslaved people
I have no heart in this war if the slaves cannot be made free, a Union soldier wrote.
Refugees
Thousands of black people escaped bondage
Some followed Union armies
Others struck out on their own
Faced re-enslavement or execution if caught
Black People and
the Confederacy
Confederacy based on defense of slavery
Benefited from the labors of bonds people
Toiled in fields
Worked in factories
Permitted more white men to serve in military
Black People and
the Confederacy
Impressment of black people Military demands for manpower
Slave owners contributed slave labor
Built fortifications
Government first asked then compelled
Registration and enrollment of free black people military labor
Twenty nigger law Exempted men who owned twenty slaves from draft
Black People and
the Confederacy
Confederates enslave free black people
Davis counter proclamation
All free negroes . . . shall be placed on the slave status and be deemed to be chattels. . . forever.
Ordered Confederate armies to capture free black people in the North and enslave them.
Robert E. Lee, Pennsylvania 1863
Black Confederates
Free black people volunteered services
Show loyalty and gain white acceptance
Re-enslavement concerns
Southern leaders generally ignored offers unless for menial labor
Black Enlistments
General Patrick Cleburne recommends, early 1864 President Davis cease and desist order
Most southerners considered arming slaves appalling
Defied southern assumptions If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is
wrong.–Howell Cobb
March 1865 Confederate Congress voted to enlist 300,000 Receive same pay as white soldiers
Slaves freed only with consent of owners and state agreed
Emancipation Proclamation
Second Confiscation Act of 1862 (abolished slavery) declared property of all persons supporting rebellion forfeit
Mo, Kty, Md, W VA and Del all had slaves fearful they might leave union if issue is slavery
22 Sept 1862 Lincoln makes emancipation a war aim (blacks could join army)
Total War
William Tecumseh Sherman begins march to sea in 1864
General Grant marches another army from Washington to Richmond (one in eight of Grants army blacks)
Both live off land, scorched earth
Lee surrenders ( 9 April 65)
Forty Acres and a Mule
13th amendment Jan 1865 passes both houses and abolishes slavery
Jan 1865 Sherman took land from Charleston to Florida to give black heads of households forty acres and lent them an
army mule
Slaves abandoned cash crop and began to plant subsistence crops for the family
The Death of Abraham Lincoln
Re-elected President 1864
April 15, 1865 killed at Fords Theater by John Wilkes Booth
End of Civil War Issues
South devastated, cotton knocked flat
Constitutional crisis with states
4 million new citizens whose status completely undetermined