Immigration to the United States since 1880

HST 369Fall 2015
Immigration to the United States since 1880

Immigration to the United States since 1880
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4 credits
David Peterson del Mar, [email protected]
Note: This course is part of the OSU Baccalaureate Core as it fulfills the requirement for Difference, Power, and Discrimination. It is also a WIC
(Writing Intensive Course) that satisfies the WIC requirement for Liberal Studies (but not History) majors.
The readings and written assignments for HST 369, a fully online course, will consume about 120 hours per term for 4 credits.
Technical Requirements, Communication
This is a fully online course, so reliable access to the internet is essential to succeeding in the course. This is a demanding course that
requires upper-division standing or the completion of HST 201, 202, and 203. Passing the course will require a great deal of reading, writing, and
analysis and submitting, at the end of each week, a variety of written assignments. The four-credit course is designed to consume about twelve
hours of work per week. Since the course is fully online, you will require regular access to a
computer with an Internet connection (preferably high speed, since the course contains some multi-media). You should also be comfortable with:
navigating on the Internet; using e-mail; uploading and downloading Microsoft Word documents.
I ordinarily respond to e-mails within 12 hours and assigned work
within 24 hours.
Catalogue Description:
The history of immigrants to the U.S. after 1880. This course focuses on the
experience of immigrants and their children in the U.S. and on the history of
U.S. immigration policy. It includes several types of writing assignments: non-graded, drafts and revisions, and a research paper using outside
primary and secondary sources and scholarly notations specific to the discipline of history. HST 369 satisfies WIC requirements for Liberal Studies
majors but not History majors. (Baccalaureate Core Course) (Writing Intensive Source) It is taught only via E-campus.
Required Texts:
Roger Daniels, Guarding the Golden Door: American Immigration Policy and
Immigrants since 1882, Hill and Wang, 2004. Miriam Cohen, Workshop to Office: Two Generations of Italian American
Women in New York City, 1900-1950, Cornell University Press, 1993. Ruben Martinez, Crossing Over: A Mexican Family on the Migrant Trail,
Picador, 2001. William Kelleher Storey, Writing History: A Guide for Students, Oxford
University Press, 5th edition. You will also be required to read an autobiography written by an immigrant
(or the child of an immigrant) to the United States since the 1870s and at
least five articles. You must do your own research to locate the autobiography and one of the articles.
About the Books
Guarding the Golden Door focuses on immigration policy in the United States since the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Roger Daniels is one of the most
prominent historians of American immigration. This book focuses more on what immigrants faced than how they acted; it sheds a great deal of light on
the changing nature of federal policies.
Workshop to Office is a specialized study, a monograph (based on primary and secondary sources) that is very well written and focused. It has a
precise and nuanced thesis regarding Italian-American womens changing
commitment to their families. It shows how the nature of that commitment could change dramatically in a single generation while retaining much of its
intensity.
Crossing Over is one of the most engaging and incisive books that I have read in the past couple years. Martinez is not an historian or an academic,
but he did a great deal of personal research among Mexicanos on both sides of the border for this book, and he uses that experience to give readers a
very personalized view of how migration to and from the United States affects people on both sides of the border.
Writing History is a brief but useful introduction to how historians go about conceiving, researching, and writing a research paper. If you have already
written a major research paper for an upper-division history course, you may find this somewhat redundant. But every hour you spend reading this
is likely to save you several down the road.
DPD (Difference, Power, and Discrimination) Aspects of
the Course
This is a DPD (Difference, Power, and Discrimination) course in the
baccalaureate core, so it meets some particular requirements. It requires students to think critically about the unequal distribution of power in the
United States. This is a history course that treats the history of immigration, so it will pay considerable attention to: how the dominant society has
attributed particular meanings and statuses to different immigrant groups; how various immigrant groups have had access to varying degrees of power;
how immigration has intersected with ethnicity, race, gender, social class,
and age to affect discrimination; how these dynamics have changed from the nineteenth century to the present;
WIC (Writing Intensive Course) Aspects of the Course
This is a WIC (Writing Intensive Course) and must therefore include some specific features and requirements. Most importantly, the course is designed
to focus both on writing and its subject matter (the history of immigration). The course requires a series of essays so that students can continually write
and receive feedback on their writing throughout the course. It includes
ungraded (but required) writing assignments and requires students to submit early and final drafts of some assignments. There are several
scholarly styles of documentation, such as MLA and APA This course requires students to use the Chicago Manual of Style for its final assignment
(that incorporates both primary and secondary sources), for that is the method of notation used most commonly by academic historians. That final
assignment requires students to locate and to utilize a major primary source and several secondary sources that consider a similar theme.
Assignments (due by the end of each Saturday and Sunday discussion answers are due on Saturdays and replies on Sundays, short essays on Saturdays, critiques on Sundays, and the longer essays on Sundays, except for the final long paper, which is due
the Saturday following finals week)
Week #1
Read/View: Instructors general lecture on what history is for, weekly
introductory lecture; Storey, entire.
Discussion #1: Introductions, Class Contract, Practice Question
Post on the discussion board: an introduction sharing what you would like to
learn from the course; your broader educational goals; your ideas for the class contract (which is explained in detail below); an answer of roughly 300
words to this question, using your own experience and observations as evidence: Does the United States offer great opportunity to immigrants? If
you dont have much in the way of first-hand experience or observations of immigration, you should read and utilize one of the narratives from the six
assigned for week #2.
See the Approaching the Assignments and rubrics in the syllabus for a fuller explanation of this sort of assignment.
Discussion #2:
After reading Storey and the requirements for the independent-research project, please answer these two questions: 1) What aspect of this project
do you think will be most challenging? 2) How is doing historical research and writing different from other types of research or writing that you have
done?
See the Approaching the Assignments of the syllabus for a fuller explanation
of this sort of assignment.
Week #2
Read/View: Weekly introductory lecture; Daniels, entire; two of the
immigrant (not the narratives of people born in the U.S.) narratives from The Life Stories of Undistinguished Americans: As Told by Themselves,
published in 1906, and available at: http://books.google.com/books/about/The_life_stories_of_undistinguished_
Amer.html?id=qzNJAAAAIAAJ ; sections from two of these manuscript census returns (choose from Mohave County 1900 in Arizona, Stearns
County 1900 in Minnesota, Wasco County 1900 in Oregon, Philadelphia County 1910 in Pennsylvania, Natrona County 1900 in Wyoming) available
at: http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cenfiles/ ; at least three articles from the San Francisco News and the 20 views of the Manzanar War
Relocation Authority Center available at
http://www.sfmuseum.org/war/evactxt.html; the video interview with Former Manzanar Committee Chair, Sui Kunitomi Embrey, available at
http://blog.manzanarcommittee.org/2009/10/19/video.
Short Essays #1:
Post two 500-word essays answering these two questions: 1) Which source,
the recollections, the photographs, the newspaper articles, or the manuscript census, is most useful for understanding the nature of immigrant life?
Which type of primary source tells us the most about immigrants? 2) Was
anti-immigrant sentiment based largely on fears of economic competition or simply racism? Put another way: What was the root fear behind the anti-
immigration movement?
Post two critiques of other students essays.
See the Approaching the Assignments and rubrics in the syllabus for a fuller
explanation of this sort of assignment.
Week #3
Read/View: Weekly introductory lecture
Early Draft of Long Essay #1; Discussion #3:
Post an essay of 2,000 to 2,500 words on this question, and use the material
assigned up to this point in the course as evidence: What was the most important variable in determining immigrant success? You might consider
such variables as immigrants attitudes and cultures as well as variations in how native-born Americans treated them as well as such variables as
gender, social class, and age.
Discussion #3:
Post on the discussion board two observations and a question in response to
the first set of readings.
See the Approaching the Assignments and rubrics in the syllabus for a fuller
explanation of this sort of assignment.
Week #4
Read/View: Weekly introductory lecture
Final Draft of Long Essay #1
See the Approaching the Assignments and rubrics in the syllabus for a fuller
explanation of this sort of assignment.
Week #5
Read: Weekly introductory lecture; Cohen, entire; Martinez, entire; videos
and other material from the Minuteman Civil Defense Corps and Oregons New Sanctuary Movement, available at: http://minutemanproject.com/ and
http://imirj.org/.
Short Essays #2
Post two 500-word answers on each of these two questions: 1) Cohens
study deals largely with immigrant families in the United States and Martinezs deals largely with families who were fractured by immigration.
Was that difference an important one? Did being an immigrant who was part of an intact family much matter? Why or why not? 2) Compare the
arguments made by the videos and other material on the Minuteman and Sanctuary websites. How can two groups come to such radically different
positions on and descriptions of immigration? For example, do they disagree on facts, or do these two sides simply have different visions for America?
Post critiques of at least two answers.
Week #6
Weekly introductory lecture
Early Draft of Long Essay #2; Discussion #4:
Post an essay of 2,000 to 2,500 words on this question, and use the material
assigned up to this point in the course as evidence: Immigrants to the United States have often come from conservative cultures that stressed
family obligations rather than individual achievement. The U.S. has, since early in the twentieth century, put a great deal of emphasis on personal
liberty, on individualism. What have been the most successful strategies employed by immigrant groups to ensure that living in the U.S. would not
bring cultural and social fragmentation? Have women and men, adults and
children reacted differently to the U.S.?
Discussion #4:
Post on the discussion board two observations and a question in response to the second set of readings.
Note: By this week you must contact the instructor for approval of the autobiography that you intend to read for weeks #9 and #10.
Week #7
Weekly introductory lecture
Final Draft of Long Essay #2
Note: By this week you must contact the instructor for approval of the three
or more additional articles that you intend to read for week #9.
Week #8
Weekly introductory lecture
Discussion #5:
What difficulties are you encountering in preparing for the remaining assignments?
Note: By this week you must contact the instructor if you intend to answer a
question of your own choosing for the last paper.
Week #9
Weekly introductory lecture
Read/view: Weekly introductory lecture; an autobiography that describes in
detail the life of an immigrant community in the United States; these two
articles: (Vecoli, Contadini in Chicago: A Critique of The Uprooted, Journal of American History 51 (1981) and Kazal, Revisiting Assimilation,
American Historical Review 100 (1995), both available online through the OSU Library; at least three additional articles from scholarly journals
accessed through the OSU Library that relate to the immigrant community that your autobiography describes. (See the Long Essays section of the
syllabus for more detail.)
Short Essays #3
Post two 500-word essays answering these two questions: 1) Which of the
articles that you read was the most useful for helping you to understand the lives of the people described in the autobiography? 2) Did the immigrants
described in the autobiography find what they were looking for in the United States? How and how not? Did gender affect their degree of success?
Post two critiques
Week #10
Read/View: Weekly Introductory lecture
Early Draft Long Essay #3:
Post an essay of 2,000 to 2,500 words on this question (or, if you have
permission from the instructor, a question of your own choosing), using the material from weeks 8 and 9 as evidence: To what extent did the immigrant
group you read about in the autobiography and the articles assimilate in the
U.S.? Did they retain significant elements of their culture? How and how
not?
See the Approaching the Assignments and rubrics in the syllabus for a fuller explanation of this assignment.
Week 11
Final of Long Essay #3
See the Approaching the Assignments of the syllabus for a fuller explanation of this sort of assignment.
Course Objectives and Learning Outcomes
Students will increase their knowledge of the history of immigrants in the
United States and learn to use historical evidence by examining a great deal of historical material (primary and secondary sources) and using it to answer
a series of analytical questions. Successful essays will use sound, accurate historical evidence to substantiate their generalizations.
Students will enhance their understanding of how and why historical change
occurs by examining primary and secondary sources describing such change.
Several of the essay questions ask students to consider and explain historical change, and excellent essays will be sensitive to change over time.
Students will foster their understanding of and empathy for societies and people with beliefs different from their own by reading both first-hand and
scholarly accounts of diverse societies and cultures and by repeatedly interacting online with fellow students, people who will have varied
understandings, beliefs, opinions, and experiences about immigration. Course essay questions require students to compare different cultures.
We shall pay particular attention to the history of racism and prejudice as it
has related to immigration. The course will consider both anti-immigration
policies and popular anti-immigration sentiment. We shall study both what such expressions have revealed about the dominant society and how
immigrant groups have coped with and reacted to such prejudice. We shall also study how immigration has affected other social categories of difference
and oppression, including gender, race, ethnicity, and social class.
Students will learn to critique scholarly arguments by reading both scholarly books and each others analytical essays. Course essay questions ask
students to identify and assess the arguments of the historians they read
and to offer feedback to each other on the quality of their own scholarly
arguments.
Students will learn to make historical arguments by answering ten analytical questions that require them to formulate theses that clearly answer those
questions. They must support those arguments by utilizing historical evidence gleaned from their course work.
Students will learn to write clearly and concisely by writing ten graded essays, and they will learn how to revise essays by utilizing feedback from
the instructor. They will also learn how to write in the format that academic historians use. Peers will respond to seven of those essays, and the
instructor will read and critique all ten. Students and the instructor alike will point out grammatical or spelling errors and suggest places where the essay
could be tightened or clarified. Students will improve in their knowledge and use of standard written English. The instructor will also focus on more
analytical elements of the essays.
Students will learn to work together cooperatively, to learn from each other
by participating in four discussion boards in which they both post answers to
analytical questions and respond to each others answers. We shall construct a class contract or etiquette guide which details how we will create
an online environment in which people feel safe offering and receiving criticism of each others work.
Critical Thinking
The course focuses on the development skills in critical thinking. It requires
students to absorb, assess, and interpret historical evidence in the service of answering questions that do not have a clear-cut or right answer. Indeed,
historians who study subjects for many years routinely come to different conclusions or answers. The course is therefore concerned with the process
of historical interpretation and argumentation rather than on simply memorizing or acquiring factual knowledge. The ability to be guided by what
one has already learned while not being blinded to the possibility that such learning has been partial or even mistaken is critical to this process.
Communication Responsibilities
Each student is responsible for maintaining reliable e-mail. This is crucial for your success and for the success of the class as a whole. I recommend
having a backup plan (a friend who is willing to let you use her or his e-mail
in a pinch) in case yours crashes for more than a day or two.
Grading
93-100% A
90-92.99 A-
87-89.99 B+
83-86.99 B
80-82.99 B-
77-79.99 C+
73-76.99 C
70-72.99 C-
67-69.99 D+
63-66.99 D
60-62.99 D-
Up to 60 F
Weighting
30% 3 sets of online essays (worth 10 points each) 60% Three six-page essays (worth 20 points each)
10% 5 sets of nongraded discussions (worth 2 points each)
Grading Rubrics
The instructor will assess your work by considering three broad sets of characteristics:
1) Argument. Your essays should have a clear thesis statement that answers the question in their first paragraph. The body of the essay
should stick to that thesis. An excellent thesis will be nuanced, will demonstrate an awareness that there are multiple ways of addressing
the question.
2) Evidence. Your essays should use evidence from the course assignments to support its thesis. That evidence should be drawn
from multiple sources, including primary sources (sources generated by historical actors rather than by historians) if they are assigned. An
excellent essay will provide context for the evidence it uses and will utilize a lot of evidence. It is acceptable to use a small amount of
evidence from outside the class, but it is not required, and people
should rely wholly or largely on the assigned readings for course work. 3) Style. Your essays should be clearly written and should be free from
factual errors and distracting grammatical, typographical, and spelling errors. An excellent essay will use concise and direct prose and will
feature well-organized paragraphs with clear topic sentences followed by evidence that supports them.
Extensions
I do not ordinarily accept late assignments unless you have requested an extension before the due date, although if you turn in one of the 6-page
essays within 24 hours of the due date, Ill penalize it by just 50%. Late early drafts will result in a 20% deduction for each day that they are late.
If you unable to complete an assignment on time due to circumstances beyond your control (illness, family emergencies) please let me know as
soon as possible–certainly before the assignment is due. We shall then negotiate a revised due date. This goes for discussion deadlines as well as
the six-page essays. I do not ordinarily grant more than two extensions per term.
All work must be turned in by the date and time of the final assignment.
Incompletes
Students who have completed at least 50% of the course work may request an incomplete if circumstances beyond their control arise late in the term to
keep them from completing the course on time. Incompletes are not designed to bail out students who take more credits than they have time for,
and requests for incompletes must be received by the date of the final
assignment.
Class Etiquette Guide The etiquette guide is a list of principals or practices generated by and agreed upon by the class that we shall all try to follow.
What goes in the etiquette guide? Each one is different. Most of them
are concerned primarily with spelling out what constitutes respectful communication.
At the end of the first week of class I shall synthesize everyones ideas
for the guide into a document that I shall post as a new forum on the
discussion board and will ask you to review and comment on the document. The etiquette guide is not intended as a club with which to punish
people who get out of line. Rather, it is a tool for us to create an online environment in which we can interact vigorously and respectfully with each
others ideas and work.
Approaching the Assignments
Discussions
These five discussions are your chance to do a lot of writing and discussing without having to worry about getting graded. You get two points for each
discussion that you complete. Please be sure to post for all the questions or topics that each discussion requires and to post at least one reply to
someone elses discussion post.
Short Essays, Critiques
There are three sets of these assignments. They require both brief answers
(of about 500 words for each essay) and at least two critiques of other peoples answers. These critiques should point out strengths and
weaknesses in the answers (do they have a clear and consistent thesis that answers the question, and do they present evidence to support those
theses?) rather than using the critiques as a platform to advance your own answer to the question or to debate the question. The discussions are the
place for those sorts of posts.
Long Essays
Long essays (from 2,000 to 2,500 words) are assigned every three weeks or so during the term. Students are required to submit both early and final
drafts of these essays, and the early drafts must be at least 1,250 words.
With the exception of the last assignment, it is sufficient (for all the essays posted in the discussions and the first two longer essays) to provide
references only after quotations, with the editor and page numbers in
parentheses. It is not necessary to list your sources at the end of the paper.
The last long essay should use the standard form of references (footnotes and a bibliography) stipulated in the Chicago Manual of Style by Kate
Turabian. This system is summarized in Storey. A fuller version can be
accessed through this link:
(http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html). Each paragraph that presents evidence should end with a footnote that lists the
sources of the evidence used in the paragraph, and the essay should be followed by a bibliography that lists all the sources used in the essay. This
last essay must use the two articles specified above and at least three others from scholarly journals (such as the American Historical Review, the Journal
of American History, the Journal of American Ethnic History) accessed via the Oregon State Library. Here is the link to the OSU Librarys page for
Ecampus: http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/. This link provides access to such resources as: information on how to borrow books from the library (and
others in the Pacific Northwest) without visiting the Corvallis campus; the general catalogue (useful for finding immigrant autobiographies); finding
aids such as American History and Life (to use in finding articles relevant to the autobiography one selects); and e-journals (so that one can access
those journals electronically).
Tips on Essay Writing
All of the essays, brief and more extensive, should be interpretive and analytical. I am not looking for a book review or a summation of what you
found interesting in the readings. Rather, I am looking for an engaging and convincing answer to a thorny question.
The trick to writing a strong essay is to both construct an interesting argument that answers the question and to back it up with evidence.
The evidence is of two general types: primary and secondary. Primary sources are documents (or maps, paintings, photographs) produced by the
people under study, the historical actors. Secondary texts are written by scholars, by the people doing the studying. Diaries, personal letters, or
census returns are primary sources. Secondary sources are attempts to make sense out of the past, usually by people with no first-hand experience
of the period they are interpreting. Your essays should use evidence from both primary and secondary sources when both are available.
I have provided an example of a brief essay at the end of this section. I
wrote it many years ago in a class at Northwestern University on the colonial U.S. Notice the essay’s structure: the thesis is declared clearly (I hope) at
the close of the first paragraph. Each of the next several paragraphs then supports that thesis by marshaling several pieces of evidence from an
historical source. Each of these paragraphs begins with a topic sentence, a
sentence that links the evidence (in the body of the paragraph) to the thesis
(the sentence at the close of the first paragraph). The essay closes with a brief conclusion that restates the thesis and speaks to larger ramifications. I
have also pasted an example of an excellent student essay written for this class from a previous year.
It is important to be consistent–and being consistent is much harder than it
looks. You will inevitably find that the body of your paper begins to drift from your thesis. Do not panic. Simply make adjustments. Revise your thesis or
rework the body to fit it more closely.
I expect the essays to be clear. Brilliance is not much use if no one can understand you. Strive for clear, concise sentences.
Try to be sensitive to complexity in all of your essays. I often ask students
to agree or disagree to an assertion. Take a firm stand in answering such
questions, but the answer can be nuanced as well as firm, can, for example, agree in some respects and disagree in others.
I shall of course give you more detailed and particular feedback as we go
along; the course is designed for that. I find that my own writing improves dramatically with critical feedback, and many students have said the same
thing. Think of writing as being like marriage: an ongoing process. We never arrive at perfection, and we get closer to it by working hard, not by being
innately talented. Online tutoring for writing is available at: http://ecampus.oregonstate.edu/services/student-services/online-tutoring/.
Example of an Essay
Here is a two-page essay that I wrote in 1983 for a graduate course in colonial history at Northwestern University. As you can see, it would not win
any literary awards. But it is concise and, I hope, clear. It utilizes evidence from a primary source (John Hammond’s 1656 tract extolling the virtues of
Virginia and Maryland to potential settlers). Note the essay’s structure. Each paragraph in the body (paragraphs 2, 3, 4, and 5) backs up the thesis
(which is at the end of the introductory paragraph). The first sentence of each of those four paragraphs is the topic sentence. They link the evidence
presented in the paragraphs body to the thesis.
John Hammond claimed that he had lived in Virginia and Maryland for
twenty-one years. But his 1656 pamphlet on the “Two Fruitfull Sisters” should be read with skepticism. According to him, the colonies were
agricultural cornucopias populated by humane and law-abiding men and
women. Hammond was trying to attract settlers to the Chesapeake, and he
exaggerated its strong points and glossed over its faults. A careful reading of his tract suggests that life there was in fact difficult.
Life in early Virginia had been disagreeable. According to Hammond, the first
settlers had been avaricious and cruel adventurers who filled the colony with kidnapped youths, convicts, and infamous women. The early colonists had
toiled constantly, lacked fair courts, and lived in fear of devastating attacks from Natives. Even the ministers roared in the taverns. The meanest and
lowest elements of England founded an exploitative and precarious society in the Chesapeake.
Hammond insisted that Virginia had overcome its early disadvantages by the
1650s, but his tract should have made prospective emigrants doubtful. He cautioned indentured servants to be very careful about choosing their
masters and admitted that some women worked in the fields. Hot summers
made labor unpleasant. Unarmed people were vulnerable to Indian attacks. The government circumscribed the lives of the poor, for arrivals who could
not pay their fares had to become indentured. No one could leave Virginia without permission. Ministers remained scarce.
Hammond did not conceal the Chesapeake’s notoriety. “The country,” he
admitted, “is reputed to be an unhealthy place, a nest of Rogues, whores, dissolute and rooking persons; a place of intolerable labour, bad usage and
hard Diet, &c.” (Hammond, p. 7). He also acknowledged that the colonists had a reputation for abusing their servants. Hammond, of course, dismissed
these criticisms. But popular beliefs are seldom devoid of factual foundation.
Hammond’s pamphlet also provided clues about what type of people found Virginia and Maryland attractive. He addressed himself largely to the lower
classes. England’s convicts, beggars, and laboring poor could improve their
lots in the two colonies. They would find a pleasant climate, mild labor, and abundant food. In a few years they could own fertile land. If Hammond and
other promoters like him succeeded, many of England’s meanest and poorest people traveled to the Chesapeake and expected to become
comfortable without expending much effort.
Corroborative evidence is needed, but Hammond’s tract suggests that life in the Chesapeake was much harsher than he acknowledged. He admitted that
Virginia’s early years had been marred by severe hardships and exploitation and that it suffered from a low reputation in England in the 1650s. To be
sure, he insisted that living conditions had improved and that the region’s detractors erred. But even as Hammond praised the “Two Fruitfull Sisters”
he indicated that they still contained ruthless masters and hostile Native
Americans. His attempt to attract convicts and beggars to Virginia and
Maryland boded ill for the Chesapeake’s future prospects. Perhaps living conditions there improved, but the process must have been more gradual
than Hammond asserted.
Example of an Excellent Research Paper (From a previous class)
The Remarkable Irish Catholics: Assimilation in America
HST 369
Between 1845 and 1852, Irelands potato crops experienced a blight that left an already
impoverished Irish Catholic population destitute. On small plots of land, they could grow
nothing else that would sustain them; during this period and the years after, they would emigrate
from their homeland to the United States for relief from poverty, disease, and starvation. Even up
until the late 1920s, these immigrants chanced a voyage to a new world to escape poverty
brought on by the lack of land available for inheritance. Because Irish Catholics immigrated
mainly to escape poverty and famine in Ireland, they assimilated in the ways that affected their
socioeconomic growth, but kept some significant elements of their culture, such as their faith and
other traditions that marked their ethnic identity.
Historians have defined assimilation a number of different ways. Russell Kazal
differentiates between those who assimilated on terms somewhat of their own making, and
those who forsook that culture for the single-minded culture of power, wealth, and personal
gain associated with the middle classthe culture, presumably, of capitalist America.1 In the
case of Irish Catholics, their assimilation contains elements of both.
One way in which Irish immigrants were quick to assimilate to American culture is to
give up their traditional marriage practices. Instead of having their marriages arranged for them
by their parents, young couples were free to choose their own spouses. In her article titled Come
You All Courageously, Ruth-Ann Harris said, Many immigrants discovered they could enjoy
romantic love for the first time in America, the concept having been either alien or impracticable
in their natal countries.2 Without financial pressure to marry, many Irish women chose to wait
until later in life. Though some immigrants did ask their parents to find a suitable spouse in
Ireland, most of them were older.
Kitty McInerney, who left her Ireland home in 1925, at age 17, would get to make the
choice without input from family members. As Christopher Prince, her grandson, said, She
knew quite well, at age seventeen, she would not likely see her mother, father, or dearest
grandparents ever again.3 Ironically, Kittys choice subverted her freedom. Her husband,
Michael, had no accountability for his alcoholism and abuse because, like Kitty, he had left most
of his family in Ireland. He was another Irish Catholic who had immigrated as a young teen, and
he too embraced the new marriage traditionchoosing someone he had always yearned for:
genuine, maternal and stable.4
Another cultural aspect quickly abandoned was the concept of inheritance and land
ownership. Most young people who emigrated from Ireland were not the oldest siblings and
therefore, didnt stand to inherit land or dowry.5 Instead, they worked hard to make their own
living. While heirlooms were once cherished possessions, those families experiencing mobility
didnt keep items like dishes and other artifacts handed down.6 Land ownership was important to
this group, whod never had a prospect in Ireland; even home renters sacrificed for the
opportunity to own a grave, if they coulda piece of ownership was prized as highly as any
acre of farmland in Ireland and indeed, in many families, was as contested.7 In the mid-1800s,
the opportunity to make ones own living without an obligation to support ones parents or be
subject to their rule gave Irish immigrants a completely different perspective about inheritance
than theyd had in the old country.
In Kittys final days, she was able to realize her long-time dream of owning land and a
three-bedroom house in California.8 After years of living in slummy apartments, when her
children grew up and her husband finally passed away, she was able to afford it. This would have
been unthinkable, barring marriage to a landowner, had she stayed in Ireland.
Irish immigrants, particularly women, abandoned their culture by establishing
independence from their parents. In Ireland, children were their parents retirement plan; adult
offspring would support their parents after they could no longer work. With no expectation of
supporting their parents, immigrants were free to work towards improving their station in life,
instead of following Irish culture and remaining in their fathers household until marriage. Even
if they never rose to middle class, their children would have a better chance of doing so,
especially women. According to Ely Janis, author of Petticoat Revolutionaries, second
generation Irish-American women in the early 1880s embraced occupations like teaching as
careers, and these women generally experienced significantly higher occupational mobility than
Irish males in the United States.9 While Kitty never rose above working class status, her
dedication to her seventeen children ensured that they would. As Prince wrote, In time, Kittys
seventeen children grew up, started their own families, and flourished throughout California and
across the country.10 Unlike children in Ireland, her children were free to pursue their own
careers without patriarchal bounds. As Harris discovered in her collection of emigrant letters, the
primary motivation for womens emigration to America was the desire to improve their
status.11 This ability enabled them to prosper, a stark contrast to the dowry/inheritance system in
Ireland in which class mobility was almost nil. Even employed as domestic workers, Irish
women tended to sacrifice in order to educate their children, so they would be able to have
skilled employment. The move from working class often took only a generation for Irish
immigrants in America.
Irish immigrant women also abandoned other cultural aspects of their homeland, given
the chance at upward mobility. For example, they began to expect the respect that middle class
American women had at the time, rather than be seen as a lesser-than domestic servant. As Janis
noted, Using the term ladies was a conscious design by Irish American women to assert their
gentility, which was often challenged in American public culture by such stereotypes as Bridget
(the young, lazy, and gullible newly arrived immigrant domestic) and Biddy, (the older, oafish,
and rebellious servant.)12 During the early 1880s, some Irish American women (who were
considered radical) worked for their own social and economic reform while they were supporting
Irelands fight to be free from Britain.13 These factors helped the Irish American immigrants,
especially the second and subsequent generations, to improve their upward mobility.
In fact, the nationalism and political activism that arose in the Irish community during the
late 1800s was an effort on their part to assimilate to American culture. As David Brundage,
author of Recent Directions in the History of Irish American Nationalism said, the driving
force behind Irish American nationalism (even its most militant varieties) was an effort to win
social acceptance and personal success in the face of intense anti-Irish and anti-Catholic
prejudice in the United States.14 In short, it was a way to prove their worth as active
contributors to society and show their mettle as people worthy of the middle class.
In fact, young Irish females who were used to being subject to a patriarchal society
drastically challenged traditional Irish gender roles. Whereas, in Ireland, their families had
enforced this system of female dependence and sexual repression, but in America, as Harris
said, they enjoyed their freedom.15 Even before the second generation, single Irish women who
worked as domestics were autonomous, not being subject to their fathers control.16 The advent
of the Irish Ladies League in the late 1800s gave opportunity for Irish women to be involved in
politics, ironically to help free Irelanda place where they wouldnt have the freedom to do
sofrom British control. At the time, any sort of political work or other skilled labor would have
been unheard of for women in Ireland.
The desire to escape poverty and climb the socioeconomic ladder was the common factor
in all of the cultural changes Irish Catholics experienced. New immigrants embraced land
ownership, new marriage traditions, autonomy for single women, and they sacrificed so that
second and subsequent generations could pursue skilled labor careers. Kitty is the quintessential
Irish-American female in that regard. However, there were some significant cultural aspects that
Irish immigrants did not typically abandon.
One of the most ostensible factors of their culture, which is still evident today, is their
Catholic faith. During the mid-1800s, what Kazal terms an anti-Catholic nativism dominated
the American mindset.17 As over a million Irish immigrants landed in America, most of them
Catholic, Americans were hesitant to welcome them. However, they were accustomed to
oppression by the Protestants in Ireland, so they did not feel compelled to reconsider their
religion in order to fit into their new lifestyle. Unlike the Protestants, Irish Catholics didnt
generally marry other nationalities within Catholicism until the 1900s. The first, second and
third generations mainly married only other Irish Catholics.18 Even now, according to fourth
generation Irish Catholic Jennifer Casey, who is married to another fourth generation Irish
Catholic, spouses dont necessarily have to be Irish, but they do have to be Catholic. The
wedding has to be in a Catholic Church, she said. And you cant get married in the Catholic
Church unless youre Catholic.19When asked what she considered the most significant Irish
tradition she followed, she replied, Being Catholic and doing Catholic things.20
Despite the hardships Kitty McInerney faced, she remained faithful to her Catholic
upbringing. Prince said, Kitty was a devout Catholic and did not believe in divorcing a man to
whom she had committed her life, regardless of his sickness, nor did she believe in artificially
preventing what she believed God had planned for her.21 Despite leaving her beloved lifestyle
in her native land, Kitty held on to the faith she had brought with her.
Though most Irish Catholics remained Catholic, as in other aspects of life, some women
pushed back against the patriarchal view of gender roles. A notable exception to adhering to the
Catholic faith was the womens political movement called the Ladies Land League, which
sought to help their compatriots in Ireland attain freedom from British rule. In Cleveland, Ohio, a
bishop named Richard Gilmour forbade the League from continuing their meetings. The
president, Mary Rowland, and others like her met his decree and eventual excommunication of
these women with disdain. She said, The stigma of immodesty, indelicacy, and political
brawling you cast upon us, I fling it back.22 Not all women opposed the Catholic Churchs
teaching that she must live within the modesty of the home and be the ornament of the family
circle, but enough of them did that it served as an introduction to public participation for
Irish-American women.23 Despite the womens liberation movement, which was part and parcel
for Catholicism across ethnic lines, Catholic Irish immigrants remained faithful to their
denominational background.
The other aspect of their culture, which has been intact but ever evolving, that they did
not abandon wholly is their identity and traditions. Irish Catholics continue to identify
themselves as such and remain proud of their heritage. From outside appearance, they seem to be
wholly assimilated to American culture, yet they have their own subculture. As Marion Casey
said in her article Family, History, and Irish America, families know they are Irish but cannot
articulate that much further.24 In fact, Casey goes on to describe how recently genealogy has
served as an income-producing endeavor for some in Ireland as Irish-Americans trace their roots
back to their ancestral home.25 Some of them even go as far as collecting literature and other
intellectual items from Ireland, Casey said, revealing how reading habits intersect with or
inform the nascent ethnic identity of the third generation.26 Irish Americans arent
distinguishable from other Anglo-Saxon Americans, except for certain traditions. Art forms, such
as Irish storytelling, Ceili and Contra dancing, and folk music, coupled with traditional Irish
foods, such as Irish Christmas cake, corned beef and cabbage, Guinness stout beer, and Irish
whiskey all set Irish Americans apart in a subtle subculture of America.27
As Irish Americans slowly assimilated to their new country, and Americans began to
accept them, ethnicity existed as what Kazal termed a new pluralistic social order.28 Their
presence caused a slight shift in American culture, and adapting to American culture resulted in a
drastic shift from theirs. Conzen described it as the notion that what is distinctively American
has been itself a product of this synergistic encounter of multiple peoples and cultures.29 Their
new subculture, several generations later, is a dual ethnicity, fully American but Irish in spirit.
As other cultures, it is ever-changing generation by generation, its adaptability and fluidity of
ethnic identity and traditions along with changes to the class structure.30 The Irish culture in
America is decidedly different from that in Ireland; generations of Irish-Americans have created
their own, albeit subtle, ethnic identity.
Though the Irish Catholic immigrants abandoned some of the key traditions and values
from their homeland, they kept their faith and some of their ethnic identity. In recent times, that
ethnic association has been revived as Irish-Americans search for their roots. America would not
be the same without the Irish traditions adopted by those who came searching for a better life.
Poverty and disease brought them here, and their indomitable spirit allowed them to adapt and
eventually prosper in their new land.
Notes
1 Russell A. Kazal, Revisiting Assimilation: The Rise, Fall, and Reappraisal of a Concept in
American Ethnic History, The American Historical Review 100, no. 2 (1995): 456. 2 Ruth-Ann M. Harris, Come You All Courageously: Irish Women in America Write Home,
Eire-Ireland: A Journal of Irish Studies (Spring-Summer 2001): p. 166, accessed March 4, 2013,
http://www.irishaci.org. 3 Christopher Prince, The Remarkable Life of Kitty McInerney: How a Poor Irish Immigrant
Raised 17 Children in Great Depression in New York (2009),9. 4 Ibid., 19. 5 Harris. Come You All Courageously. 6 Marion R. Casey, Family, History, and Irish America, Journal of American Ethnic History
28, no. 4 (Summer 2009): 113. 7 Ibid. 8 Prince, The Remarkable Life of Kitty McInerney, 107. 9 Ely M. Janis, Petticoat Revolutionaries: Gender, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Irish Ladies
Land League in the United States, Journal of American Ethnic History 27, no. 2 (Winter 2008):
7. 10 Prince, The Remarkable Life of Kitty McInerney, 106 11 Harris, Come You All Courageously. 12 Janis, Petticoat Revolutionaries, 13-14. 13 Ibid., 18. 14 David Brundage, Recent Directions in the History of Irish American Nationalism, Journal of
American Ethnic History 28, no. 4 (Summer 2009): 82. 15 Harris, Come You All Courageously. 16 Janis, Petticoat Revolutionaries,16. 17 Kazal, 460. 18 Deirdre Moloney, Whos Irish? Ethinc Identity and Recent Trends in Irish American
History, Journal of American Ethinc History 28, no. 4 (Summer 2009): 104. 19 Jennifer Casey (fourth generation Irish Catholic) in discussion with author, March 2013. 20 Jennifer Casey (fourth generation Irish Catholic) in discussion with author, March 2013. 21 Prince, The Remarkable Life of Kitty McInerney, 37. 22 Janis, Petticoat Revolutionaries, 22. 23 Ibid., 21, 23. 24 Casey, Family, History, and Irish America, 111. 25 Ibid. 26 Ibid., 114. 27 Jennifer Casey (fourth generation Irish Catholic) in discussion with author, March 2013. 28 Kazal, Revisiting Assimilation, 462. 29 Ibid,. 463. 30 Moloney, Whos Irish?, 102.
Bibliography
Brundage, David. Recent Directions in the History of Irish American Nationalism. Journal of
American Ethnic History 28, no. 4 (Summer 2009): 82-89.
Casey, Marion R. Family, History, and Irish America. Journal of American Ethnic History 28,
no. 4 (Summer 2009): 110-117.
Harris, Ruth-Ann M. Come You All Courageously: Irish Women in America Write Home.
Eire-Ireland: A Journal of Irish Studies (Spring-Summer 2001). Accessed March 4, 2013,
http://www.irishaci.org.
Janis, Ely M. Petticoat Revolutionaries: Gender, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Irish Ladies Land
League in the United States. Journal of American Ethnic History 27, no. 2 (Winter 2008): 5-27.
Kazal, Russell A. Revisiting Assimilation: The Rise, Fall, and Reappraisal of a Concept in
American Ethnic History. The American Historical Review 100, no. 2 (1995): 437-431.
Moloney, Deirdre. Whos Irish? Ethnic Identity and Recent Trends in Irish American History.
Journal of American Ethnic History 28, no. 4 (Summer 2009): 100-109.
Prince, Christopher. The Remarkable Life of Kitty McInerney: How a Poor Irish Immigrant
Raised 17 Children in Great Depression in New York (2009).
Using Quotations
I encourage you to utilize quotations from the texts in your essays. It is an
excellent way to utilize evidence to back up your arguments, your generalizations.
But using quotations can be tricky. I discourage quoting simply for the sake
of quoting. Quotations work well for conveying the immediacy or vividness of
past events and opinions. They are less useful for conveying factual information which you can sum up in your own words, the sort of material
that is often presented in secondary sources. I caution against quoting any passage at great length. Pick out the phrases that are most useful for your
purposes. Remember, you need to keep control of your essay, your argument. That is hard to do if you devote most of your essay to quotations.
Remember to put quotation marks (“) around your quotations. Otherwise the
reader will assume that you are trying to pass the material off as your own work, which is plagiarism.
It is also important to provide the context for the quotations that you use.
The reference or source for the quotation should be supplied at the end of it, as discussed elsewhere in this syllabus. You should also let the reader know
in the text who the speaker is–and perhaps when and where she or he
spoke these words. Otherwise the reader won’t know how to put the quotation in context. Simply providing a reference doesn’t solve this
problem. What if the author of the text (Smith, in our example) is quoting someone else? What if Smith is the editor of a volume that includes many
writers, primary and secondary sources? Help the reader out by clarifying
who wrote or said these words.
Reading Efficiently and Critically
Much of the reading for this course consists of secondary sources, accounts written by scholars. It is easy to feel overwhelmed by these people’s
credentials–and by the sheer volume of what they have written. This course should consume about 12 hours of time per week. This means that you
cannot afford to read at, say, 10 pages an hour! I urge you to try to read
selectively, to become an active rather than passive reader.
A key part to being an active reader is to learn how to “gut” a book, to discern quickly its principal arguments. The best place to look for these
arguments is in the introduction. Also read the conclusion closely. The same goes for chapters; introductions and conclusions are where authors
introduce and summarize their arguments.
Topic sentences, the first sentences of paragraphs, tell you what the rest of the paragraph is about. Use them as guides for which paragraphs you can
skim, which you should read closely.
The notion of skimming may seem sacrilegious. But bear in mind that these are not conventional textbooks that you would have in a course on, say,
anatomy. I do not expect you to memorize the contents of these books. Rather, I want you to grasp and critique their main arguments–and to use
them to build your own ideas. Indeed, I urge you to have the questions at your elbow as you read, to inform and guide your reading.
Taking notes helps one to read actively. It reminds the reader that she or he
is in charge, that you do not simply want to get through the book, you want
to learn from it. The book is only a tool. Notes record what you think is important and leave you with something to go back to after you have
forgotten the details (and perhaps the main points, too) of what you have read. Notes are particularly useful when you are reading material that you
will write on. Write down your ideas for the paper as you go along, and your essay will be outlined by the time you have finished the readings.
Try to approach the books critically. Does the author have an ax to grind
that distorts her or his interpretations? Is the argument clear and consistent? Does the author back it up with evidence? Might other
conclusions be drawn from the same evidence?
Approaching Primary Sources
Many of the texts for this course are primary sources, documents or other
material created by the historical actors of the period being studied. Primary sources include letters, diaries, reports, census returns, and much more,
including maps and drawings. Primary sources are usually more interesting and engaging than are scholarly texts. But they must be approached
cautiously.
All sources are biased. Primary sources are particularly biased. Scholars
(those writing secondary sources) often have overriding political or personal agendas. But most at least try to be somewhat open minded and to give the
reader the big picture–otherwise they risk being criticized or, even worse, ignored. But a person writing a diary or a letter is under no such constraints.
Primary sources offer immediacy, the feel of touching the past and the people who inhabited it directly. But these sources usually come from
people with narrow experiences (travelers describing people they have just met, for example) or axes to grind (superiors to placate, for example).
The following questions will help you to detect and take into account the biases of primary sources.
1) What is the purpose of the document (stated and implied)? Why was it
created?
2) Who is the intended audience?
3) What is the writers relationship to that audience?
4) Has the document been translated (from one version or language to
another)?
5) How familiar is the writer with the people she or he is describing?
Plagiarism
You are expected to submit your own work in all your assignments, postings
to the discussion board, and other communications, and to clearly give credit to the work of others when you use it. Academic dishonesty will result in a
grade of F. Link to Statement of Expectations for Student Conduct:
http://oregonstate.edu/admin/stucon/achon.htm.
Students with Disabilities
Accommodations are collaborative efforts between students, faculty and
Disability Access Services (DAS). Students with accommodations approved
through DAS are responsible for contacting the faculty member in charge of the course prior to or during the first week of the term to discuss
accommodations. Students who believe they are eligible for accommodations but who have not yet obtained approval through DAS should contact DAS
immediately at 737-4098.
Course evaluation
We encourage you to engage in the course evaluation process each term online, of course. The evaluation form will be available toward the end of
each term, and you will be sent instructions by Ecampus. You will login to Student Online Services to respond to the online questionnaire. The
results on the form are anonymous and are not tabulated until after grades are posted.
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