Gender disparity in the rates of eating disorders

Psy2302 assignment 8
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Gender disparity in the rates of eating disorders
Generally, an eating disorder is characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, leading to abnormally low body weight. Women tend to be more affected than men. Barlow, Durand, and Hoffmann (2018) assert that 90% to 95% of anorexic individuals tend to be women. Some of the possible reasons for this phenomenon are discussed below.
First, the ideal man and woman’s social perception influences women to lose weight while men are influenced to gain weight. According to a study by Fallon and Rosen (1985, Cited, Barlow, Durand, & Hoffmann, 2018), sampled women rated their body sizes as heavier than the required size to attract men; hence, they responded by wanting to diet to achieve the perfect body weight. However, male respondents perceived their current body sizes as not perfect and therefore desired heavier bodies representing social idealized masculinity in men’s bodies. This resulted in men eating more, while females eating less. Therefore, more likely to lose weight abnormally.
Secondly, hormones in women’s bodies force them to overeat, which may become compulsive over time. Barlow, Durand, and Hoffmann (2018) posit that the ovarian hormone can make women binge eat. They argue that, in the menstrual circle’s post ovulation phases, most women respond to stress by frequently eating to relieve pain, stress, and anxiety caused by the ovarian hormone. Hence, record higher rates of eating disorders.
Finally, since women have body image concerns, they tend to be socially controlled by the cultural glorification of the media’s slender body, which explains why beauty magazines have women as their biggest audience (Barlow, Durand & Hoffmann, 2018). Consequently, losing weight to imitate the women in the magazine or media.
In summary, gender disparity in rates of eating disorders is explained by society’s depiction of the perfect body size, the reproductive hormone that increases women’s eating rate. And finally, by the media’s depiction of an attractive body.
 
 
References
Barlow, D., A., Durand, V., M. & Hoffman, S., G. (2018). Abnormal psychology: an integrative approach.
 
Miss-diagnosis of sexual dysfunctions
According to Barlow, Durand, and Hoffmann (2018), sexual dysfunction refers to the inability to experience satisfaction from the sexual response cycle of excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. A non-distressed person is not bothered by their sexual dysfunction. Hence assigning a sexual dysfunction to such a person may either negatively or positively affect her well-being depending on the situation. In addition, it may entail beneficial aspects.
For instance, an individual who is celibate and does not plan to have children or engage in sexual activity might not be affected by the diagnosis of her sexual condition. However, this information might negatively affect her due to a label’s psychological burden (Garand et al. 2009). Diagnostic labels tend to invite the associated stereotypes and stigmas that accompany diseases. Hence, the perception of suffering from sexual dysfunctions may negatively affect a non-distressed individual’s well-being. Contrarily, a non-distressed individual who plans to have a family in the future or engage in sexual activity would automatically be impacted negatively with that diagnosis.
Consequently, diagnosing a non-distressed person may be advantageous. According to Cheng (2015), assigning a diagnosis that is not related to the present distress may allow one to seek information about the label, prepares one psychologically to fight the disease since fighting a named enemy reduces pressure on the self. And finally, it enhances treatment accuracy, availability, and effectiveness as one is already psychologically prepared.
Consequently, diagnosing a non-distressed individual can be an advantageous phenomenon to the patient.
In summary, diagnosing a non-distressed person helps one perceive their condition, hence, increasing chances of seeking medication.
 
References
Barlow, D., A., Durand, V., M. & Hoffman, S., G. (2018). Abnormal psychology: an integrative approach.
Cheng, J. (2015). Just a Label? Some Pros and Cons of Formal Diagnoses of Children.
Garand, L., Lingler, J. H., Conner, K. O., & Dew, M. A. (2009). Diagnostic labels, stigma, and participation in research related to dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Research in gerontological nursing, 2(2), 112-121.
 
 
The correlation between psychological disorders and effects of drug use
Drugs such as alcohol, nicotine, khat, and many others have effects such as mood swings, paranoia, and disillusionment, which are generally associated with personality disorders (Barlow, Durand & Hoffmann, 2018). Hence, this essentially means that prolonged drug use amplifies one’s graduation into psychological disorders.
First, no matter the quantity taken, drugs are bound to affect the brain, leading to impulse control disorders that characterize psychological disorders. Drugs are generally chemicals that alter the normal functioning of the brain’s communication system with nerve cells (NIDA, 2020). When the brain’s perception cycle is altered, the individual is incapable of responding appropriately to everyday cues. According to Brande (2021), individuals who suffer from mood or anxiety disorders are almost twice as likely to suffer from substance use disorder. While those who suffer from substance use disorders are twice as likely to suffer from mood and anxiety disorders.  Hence, frequent drug use may weaken the brain’s capacity to perceive impulses, thus, becoming a psychological dysfunction.
Secondly, prolonged drug use induces depression, anxiety, disillusionment, and paranoia, increasing one’s risk of psychosis. Brande (2021) asserts that substance abuse can lead to brain structure changes, therefore, resulting in increased depressive symptoms. He adds that drugs such as cocaine and marijuana can cause paranoia feelings resulting from the fear of being caught. The above-mentioned effects tally with psychological disorders (Barlow, Durand & Hoffmann, 2018). Therefore, substance abuse directly leads to instances of psychosis.
In summary, the effect of drug addiction correlates with those of psychological disorders. Hence, substance abusers should seek professional advice before they develop adverse effects of psychosis.
 
 
References
Barlow, D., A., Durand, V., M. & Hoffman, S., G. (2018). Abnormal psychology: an integrative approach.
Brande, L (2021). Long-term drug addiction effects. – https://drugabuse.com/addiction/long-term-effects/
NIDA. (2020). Brain and Addiction. -https://teens.drugabuse.gov/drug-facts/brain-and-addiction on 2021, March 12
 
Personality disorder: what truly makes a personality pathological?
While there lacks an ideal personality because the concept of personality entails an individual’s distinctive character (Barlow, Durand, Hoffmann, 2018), society can still describe one’s characteristics as a sick personality as pathological personalities are dependent on the effect that the said personality has on the people around that given person.
Society can categorize a given personality as sick when the said character results in a pattern that causes the individual to endure emotional distress or engage in activities that negatively impact people around her (American Psychiatric Association, 2013, cited Barlow, Durand, Hoffmann, 2018).  According to them, personality may affect the individual’s normal relationships such as family, friends, or with people at work. Therefore, a prospective personality is healthy provided it does not interfere with other members of the society or lead to the individual harming herself. It can therefore be assumed that the concept of normal personality is society-defined.
Therefore, the effect that a given personality has on society is what makes a personality pathological. Barlow, Durand, and Hofmann (2018) evidence this assertion using an example of an antisocial individual who acts without regard for other people’s rights. They argue that this individual might never know the pain that her actions cause to others. Hence, she would continue with the same behavior unless someone points it out to her. Therefore, third-party opinions are more valuable when determining a pathological personality. This paper considers this phenomenon dangerous since toxic individuals may easily label a perfectly normal personality as sick.
In conclusion, while all personalities are dissimilar, society can categorize a given character as pathological depending on its impact on third parties and the individual.
References
Barlow, D., A., Durand, V., M. & Hoffman, S., G. (2018). Abnormal psychology: an integrative approach.
 
 
Gender disparity in the onset of schizophrenia
According to Barlow, Durand, and Hoffmann (2018), the effects of schizophrenia in males are adverse compared to that in females. While not accurately determined, the sex difference in the onset of schizophrenia might be due to genetics (Li et al., 2016). Hence, the sex factor can construct a treatment criterion for people with schizophrenia of both sexes.
According to Li et al. (2016), the sex hormones in females are responsible for delaying the onset of schizophrenia by 3-5 years. They argue that the gonadotrophic hormones in females play a protective role against schizophrenia, reducing its severity. They claim that females with lower estrogen hormone levels in their menstruation cycles tend to experience more severe schizophrenic symptoms. Hence, the biological processes experienced by women protect them against the adverse effects of schizophrenia. On the other hand, Li et al. argue that males with higher testosterone levels similarly experience less adverse effects of schizophrenia. Hence, it can be assumed that the sex hormones in both males and females reduce the adverse effects of schizophrenia. However, women have higher levels of gonadotrophic hormones during their menstruation.
The above correlation between sex hormones and the prevalence of schizophrenia implicates future prognosis as more men are likely to be monitored to prevent them from harming themselves. Seeman (2018) argues that more men than women with schizophrenia succumb to suicide and accidental deaths. Besides, the above evidence suggests that schizophrenic men should have a separate treatment procedure from women. Seeman (2018) argues that when schizophrenic women were grouped, they would socialize and interact freely after a few days. However, when the same is tried on male schizophrenics’, none of the group members even knew their group participants’ names. Hence, evidencing a need to design treatment criteria for men that emphasize socialization.
In conclusion, schizophrenia in males is more adverse than in females because of the difference in sex hormone levels. Therefore, raising a need to treat male schizophrenics separately.
 
References
Barlow, D., A., Durand, V., M. & Hoffman, S., G. (2018). Abnormal psychology: an integrative approach.
Li, R., Ma, X., Wang, G., Yang, J., & Wang, C. (2016). Why sex differences in schizophrenia?. Journal of translational neuroscience, 1(1), 37.
Seeman, M., V. (2018). Clinical implications of gender differences in schizophrenia. -https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/clinical-implications-gender-differences-schizophrenia

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