Evaluation of Knowledge in Poultry Handling

Evaluation of Knowledge in Poultry Handling Safety among Farmers in Texas State in the United States.
 
 
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Evaluation of Knowledge in Poultry Handling Safety among Farmers in Texas State in the United State
In any research, sampling cannot be underestimated. Proper sampling techniques ought to be applied to minimize biasness. In vast areas of study like agriculture, where many elements are factored, systematic and random sampling is used to ensure a specific sample is acquired for a particular reason. In my research project, the population of interest are the poultry farmers from Texas as registered by the agricultural board of poultry farming. Poultry farmer are individual members of the community who decide to invest in poultry farming as a form of investment where they work, create employment, and generate a livelihood. To rare poultry in Texas, you need to obtain a license and permit with regulatory boards. The registration is required to be able to qualify as a valid processor and distributor of poultry products. . Even retailors of poultry products need to obtain permits and the farmers’ credentials of where they outsource their poultry products. The Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) give permits and licenses for both farmers and retailers to distribute and sell poultry products to the consumers.
Definitions

Poultry farming is the rearing of domestic birds like turkeys, chickens, ducks, geese, and guinea fowl for domestic or commercial consumption.
Poultry are the birds e.g. turkeys, chickens, ducks, geese, and guinea fowl, reared on a poultry farm
Poultry handling safety focuses on the health of the general public of a country regarding health facilities, equipment, and personnel distribution.

Target Population
The target population for this research is the farmers of Texas who engage in poultry farming for the purposes of selling them. The health department and the agricultural department of Texas have a database where they have registered all the farmers who engage in poultry farming. We are going to focus on only the registered farmers because it will be easy to get them on email, on mail box, or on phone call (Shan et al., 2018). The database will also help identify the population size and help analyze if we conduct a survey or sample test. The target population for the research is between 500 and 1000 poultry farmers.
Objective
This research’s main objective is to evaluation of knowledge in poultry handling safety among farmers in Texas State in the United State. The poultry farmers are to be evaluated on their knowledge on how they handle poultry they rear in their farms. The process of hatching to maturity of the poultry will be evaluated step by step till they are mature for slaughter. Then the process of slaughter and how the meat is handled is an important aspect of safety handling of the poultry before it get to the consumer. The farmers are the key element in ensuring all poultry being consumed is safe for the final consumer from the initial rearing to slaughtering and storage.
Sampling Frame
The sampling frame should be accurate, comprehensive, and involve the probability sampling method.
Accuracy
Accuracy calls for the researcher to define his plan for the research according. The probability sampling frame I will employ in my study is a simple random sampling—all the poultry farmers in Texas, in the United States. The United States recorded poultry as the number one favorite delicacy among all people from all walks of life. Regardless of the social, political, ethnic or other disparities, poultry meat is a favorite for many. Its safety in handling and rearing is very important to the government and also to the consumer who is the beneficiary of the poultry products.  In our research project, we are interested in;

Poultry farmers from Texas state in the United States.
The target population is all the poultry farmers between 500 and 1000 who are registered.
The knowledge of the poultry farmers in regard to poultry safety handling.
The different roles of poultry farmers in ensuring consumers get safe poultry products to consume.
The impact of safety rules and regulations by the government on poultry farmers and retailers.
The motivation behind poultry farming.
The challenges faced by poultry farmers and vendors.

Simple random sampling will allow for selecting poultry farmers from Texas in the United States.
 Sampling Error
The sample size is quite extensive, making the chances of sampling error to be reduced. However, the representation of the poultry farmers per all regions of Texas may not be achieved. The mistake that may also occur during sampling is selecting only male poultry farmers because they are the dominant gender in the occupation. Female poultry farmers will be sampled with precision to ensure a representative sample that enables adequate representation.
Sample size
The sample size is the number of poultry farmers include in the study. The number is denoted by n and is used to influence two essential aspects of the study. One statistical aspect is the precision of the estimate and the study’s power to be reliable to conclude the population. The sample size is about 10% of the population. This study targets a population of over 1000 poultry farmers in Texas, in the United States. Therefore our sample size is supposed to be approximately 100 poultry health farmers. However, this is a small population sample, we can also consider to perform a survey on the whole target population. These are in consideration of our research that we are interested in 1000 poultry farmers (Lindgren, 2017). The study is based on personal experience and the roles poultry farmers in ensuring safety handling of poultry products. They serve to ensure proper rearing, feeding, slaughter and storage of poultry products for the safety and health of the final consumer of their farm products.
Guidelines

Desired level of confidence is approximately 95%
Margin of error is approximately +/- 3%
Variability of the population is about 1,000 poultry farmers
size of a population is around 1000 poultry farmers.

Results
According to Shan, et al. (2018), in their paper on the determination of sample size that matches of different approaches define a sample size as an approximation of the representative sample of the whole population. Therefore, for our research the population being a small one getting a representative sample would need a larger percentage than ten.
Coverage Error
The research entails data collection from a colossal respondent within a large and diverse locality. The study data cannot be collected physically but electronically using emails to reach poultry farmers. The farmers have huge tracks of lands and doing manual collection of data will be costly and time consuming. Using emails, phone calls or addressing mail boxes will be the cheapest means of administering the surveys and getting enough responses to meet the desired sample size. The adequate sample size for the research will be 250 poultry farmers without the order of where they are located within Texas States.
Reasoning
The sample size of 250 will be adequate to identify; 1—the different roles associated with poultry safety handling, 2. The extent of regulation and policies on poultry safety handling, 3. The challenges related poultry farming, 4. The main challenge of bridging safety for poultry and policies and regulations laid down by the government, and 5. A poultry farmer’s crucial role as the determiner of the quality of poultry products consumed in the United States.
The sample size is acquired from an online sample size determiner for large populations’ surveys for market research. The site considered that a small sample size inappropriate, causing a high number of outliers and anomalies. In contrast, a significant sample size would make the study too complex, expensive and time-consuming (Lindgren, 2017). The extensive sample has the advantage of being very accurate and precise, but the cost will always outweigh the benefits. Therefore, no matter how big a population is, an adequate sample size is of utmost importance.
Sampling Methodology/Approach
The technique of probability sampling allows the researcher to be assured of the credibility of his study. It eliminates the chances of a biased sample. The best sampling methodology identified for this research is a simple random sampling (Lindgren, 2017). The simple random selection consists of the following steps for its implementation:

Identification of the target population using the appropriate operational definitions.
Determination of the sampling frame and the possible errors associated with sampling and coverage.
Determination of the sample size.
The definite specification of the sampling plan.

Modes of survey administration
Considering the response rate needed for all the sample size of 250, I will contact at least 500 poultry farmers. The double number of individuals I will get will ensure I receive an adequate number response rate. Assuming there will be a 50% response rate to my emails. The survey will take two weeks to one month.
The main disadvantages you anticipated of this model include; false information from people who are not poultry farmers as they try to get the incentive. Multiple responses from the same poultry farmers as the motivation is liable to any person who fills the form, but with a different email and poultry farmers credentials. The survey questionnaire helps poultry farmers who have emails registered with the health care system (Shan et al., 2018). Poultry farmers who do not have access to the internet due to their nature of work or area of operations may not be included in the sample. The majority of the respondents will be motivated to answer the survey due to the incentive but not the researcher’s delivery of valuable information.
The decision factors to include that will increase the response rate is ensuring compensation for the response. Every poultry farmer must provide the details to verify they are agricultural registered poultry farmers, and registered by the health ministry. To increase the chances of a reply, each respondent will receive $1 to fill up the survey form.
Budget Estimates
The estimated budgetary expenses, including the development and mailing of survey questionnaires, an incentive for the respondents who participate in the questionnaire, data collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation purposes, are estimated at $1000. There will be an additional cost associated with obtaining official information of the poultry farmers from the health and agricultural system databases (Shan et al., 2018).
 
References
Lindgren, B. (2017). Statistical theory. Routledge.
Shan, G., Bernick, C., & Banks, S. (2018). Sample size determination for a matched‐pairs study with incomplete data using the exact approach. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 71(1), 60-74.

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