applied electrical technology

Descriptionplease complete this lab report by answering questions, providing calculations, research evidence, and provide diagrams when required. please also read the criterion provided. Lab Session Aim: Electronic Equipment Familiarity (2 weeks)
Learning Objectives
Familiarity in: Power supply, Digital Multimeter, Oscilloscope, Function Generator, Breadboard use, Circuits and components.
Part 1: Laboratory Power Supply Unit (PSU)
Background research:
What is a current limit facility on a laboratory power supply, and how is it used?
How do you set up a ‘split’ power supply system, providing say +/- 12V DC?

Tasks:
Turn the Voltage dial to get 5V, 12V and 3.3V.
Set a current limit of 0.15A

Part 2: Digital Multimeter (DMM)
Figure out how to measure the voltages you have produced using the DMM
Figure out how to measure resistance of a resistor using the DMM, try a few resistors
Create a Split Power supply with the PSU (for example + 5V and -5V) and confirm the outputs using the DMM

Part 3: Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO or sometimes Scope)
Configure the oscilloscope to read DC volts.
Connect the PSU output to the DSO and measure the DC voltage using the Measure feature and compare this to your manual measurements using the Volts Per Division method.
Figure out how to measure two separate DC voltage simultaneously.

Part 4: Function Generator (Fn Gen)
Figure out how to create a sinusoidal voltage (AC) of 50Hz 1V peak-to-peak (p-p)/amplitude.
Connect the output of the function generator to the DSO and observe the output (use Autoset).
Change the frequency of the function generator and observe the DSO change.
Produce a 5KHz 5v p-p sine wave from the Fn Gen and manually (don’t use Autoset) change the oscilloscope to observe one period of the Fn Gen output.
Use the Measure feature to confirm the amplitude and frequency of the waveform, confirm this using the Volts Per Division and Time Per Division methods.
Figure out how to change the output waveform of the Fn Gen to a square wave, are there other waveforms you can produce?
Part 5: Components and circuits
Identify the components and their units in the circuit below (figure 1)

Figure 1. Mystery Circuit
Create this circuit using Breadboard and observe the output.

Lab Session Aim: Resistors in series and parallel
Learning Objectives
Understand and apply resistor colour coding scheme
Demonstrate knowledge of applying resistors in parallel & series
Use of resistor in potential dividers
Calculating total capacitance when in parallel and series.

Part 1 Resistors: – You will be offered a quantity of small axial-leaded resistors. You will need to:
1) Identify the value of each resistor, using the Resistor Colour Code to identify the value and
then check the resistance with a multimeter. Compare the values.
2) Choose two resistors to place in series, and calculate their total equivalent resistance value
3) Connect the two resistors above in series using the breadboards provided, and measure the total
resistance using a suitable instrument. Explain any differences that you find.
4) Repeat 2), but for resistors in parallel. Predict what the total equivalent resistance value of
the combination should be, then build the circuit and measure the result. Explain any
differences that you find.
5) Create a potential divider which produces a 5V output from a 12V input. Use nearest preferred
values (NPV). (assume no load). Test the output with a multimeter. [ask technicians or staff to provide you with these resistors if they are not available in the lab].
6) Calculate the power rating for each resistor you tested in (1) for 1, 5 and 12 volts.
7) Calculate the total resistance for the following current passing through the circuit in figure 1 (show your working):

Lab Session Aim: Inductors, Transistors and Diodes.
Learning Objectives
Understanding the effect of Inductors in a circuit.
Building transistor circuits and understanding the output
Creating circuits with diodes.

Part 1 Inductors
Create the circuit below and observe Vout using an oscilloscope, when Vin is a square wave of 5Vp-p between 100 Hz to 100 kHz in reasonable increments.

Discuss what happens to Vout over the range of frequencies, and why this might be happening.

Part 2: Transistors

Create the circuit below where Vin is a 5Hz 5V square wave with a 2.5V DC offset (i.e. it alternates between 5V and 0V). R1 is 1K, R2 is 220R.
Observe what happens to the LED when the square wave alternates between high and low. If it is difficult to see any changes, reduce the frequency of the square wave.
Discuss this behaviour and potential applications.

Part 3: Diodes
You will have used LEDs before, however not all diodes emit light.
Create the circuit below and observe the output when the input is a sine wave at 1kHz 5V and 0 DC offset (i.e. it goes from 2.5V to -2.5V). Discuss the output waveform and voltage peaks.
D1 is a 1N4148.

Create the circuit below and observe the output. VAC is a 50Hz 5 Vp-p sine wave with no DC Offset.
Observe the output measuring with an oscilloscope across the resistor (1K), use four 1N4148 Diodes.
Now place a 100uF capacitor in parallel with the resistor and observe the output.

Discuss the difference when adding the capacitor and explain what is happening here.

Lab Session Aim: Passive filters.
Learning Objectives
Combining Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors to create passive filters

Part 1 Low Pass filters
Create the circuit below.
Calculate the cut off frequency for the filter.
Measure the output amplitude for frequencies between 10Hz to 500KHz and 5V p-p.
Observe the phase difference as you increase frequencies.
Calculate the gain for each frequency you tested and plot the Amplitude part of a Bode Plot (Gain in dB vs frequency).

Part 2 High Pass filters
Design a passive 1st order high pass which has a cut off frequency of 5Khz.
Include circuit schematic, calculations and component values (from the E12 series).
Sketch the amplitude portion of the expected bode and annotate the graph appropriately.

Part 3. Mains noise notch filter
Create the filter below, which could be used to to filter out noise from UK Mains voltage in an electronic circuit.
Measure Vout when Vin is a sine wave, varying between 10Hz and 500Hz, 5Vp-p (no DC offset).
Plot the amplitude portion of the bode plot for this circuit.

Lab Session Aim: Op amps
Learning Objectives
Implementing operational amplifiers in circuits

Part 1: Op amp with feedback to create gain
Create the circuit below create a gain of 10 (either voltage gain of 10 or 10dB, explain which one you used), calculating the resistor values according to the formulas discussed in the lecture. Note that you need a spilt supply here.
Validate the gain with appropriate DC and AC voltages of your choosing.

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Part 2: repeat the above experiment, this time using the circuit below and discuss the differences in implementation and output.

Part 3 Active filters
Design an active non-inverting RC low pass filter circuit with a passband gain of 5dB and a cut off frequency of 1000Hz, and sketch the expected amplitude part of the of the Bode plot, annotating any important parts of the frequency response.
Research and discuss (with citations) why you might want to use an operational amplifier to create an active filter, instead of using a passive filter.

Op amp pinout for reference.

Applied Electrical Technology Lab 6
Please note – this lab is to be completed online using the TinkerCAD simulation tool.
Learning outcomes
– Producing circuits for actuators
Part1 : Piezoelectric
Create the circuit below, and change the 5Vp-p square wave frequency from 50Hz to 20KHz.
R1 and R2 are 1K. V+ is 1V.
Discuss the output and explain what is happening.

In the simulator tool, use the NPN Transistor (BJT).

Part 2: Relays
Create the circuit below and modify the output to illuminate an LED when the relay is activated.
Choose and justify appropriate values for R1 and R2. See the relay pin layout below. LED1 is a Green LED and LED2 is a Red LED. Observe and discuss what happens when you close and open S1.
In TinkerCAD, use the SPDT Relay.

Part 3: Servos
Create the circuit below, where Vin is a 50Hz 5Vp-p square wave with 2.5V DC Offset (i.e. it goes from 5V to 0V) and vary the duty cycle slowly between 5 and 10% and observe the servo.
You will be provided with a link to a partially pre-fabricated circuit to use in place of the Function generator here.

Lab Worksheet 7 – Sensors
Please note – this lab is to be completed online using the TinkerCAD simulation tool.

Part 1:
Create the temperature sensor circuit below, using 5V DC as Vin. U1 is the TMP36 temperature sensor (listed in TinkerCAD as TMP).
Measure Vout and produce a calibration plot of temperature (x axis) versus Vout (Y axis), taking at least 6 readings across the range of temperatures. Is the calibration plot linear?
Hint, to change the temperature of the sensor, click the sensor during simulation and drag the sliding bar to change temperature.

Add a comparator to the output of the temperature sensor, which goes High when the temperature goes above 25oC, include evidence of the comparator change, and the resistor values.

Part 2:
Measure the resistance of the photoresistor, when exposed to no light, full light, and approximately half light (using the slide bar).
Implement a voltage divider circuit where Vout is high when no light but goes low when the light is maximum.

Part 3:
Using the “Flex sensor” design and implement a balanced strain gauge using a single flex sensor (i.e. not temperature compensated).
Measure the voltage differential across the flex range (0 to 180) and plot the calibration plot.
Discuss how you could amplify this differential voltage.
Lab Worksheet 7 – Motors
Please note – this lab is to be completed online using the TinkerCAD simulation tool.

Part 1:
Create the circuit below, where Q1 is the nMOS MOSFET on TinkerCAD. R1 has a value of 1, V+ is 5V DC, Vin is a 10KHz 5V square wave with 2.5V DC offset.
Discuss how you might change the speed of the motor in a practical circuit (not in the TinkerCAD simulator).

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Part 2:
Implement a H bridge on TinkerCAD using the L293D, to drive a DC motor.
Use a Function generator to supply a 10KHz 5V square wave with 2.5V DC offset to the “enable 1&2” pin. Use two switches to change the direction pins (input 1 and input 2) to high (5V) and low (GND), supplying the L293D with 5V on Power 1 and Power 2 pins, ensuring all ground pins are grounded. Demonstrate bi-directionality of your motor circuit.

What happens when both pins are the same (high and high, or low and low), why is this?