Western Civilization Since 1650

Question: Western Europeans rejoiced when the Greeks gained independence in 1830 because
AEuropeans identified with the Greeks, since ancient Greece was viewed as the home of all Western civilization

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BThis was a check to growing Turkish power in the eastern Mediterranean
CThe Greek prince Ypsilanti, who led the revolt, was a charismatic and popular figure
DEuropeans saw this as the first step toward independence for all subject peoples throughout Europe
Question: The first successful steam-powered passenger railway in the history of the world opened in 1830 and connected
ALondon and Manchester
BManchester and Liverpool
CLondon and Edinburgh
DLiverpool and Edinburgh
Question: Gustave Flaubert’s novel Madame Bovary (1857) and douard Manet’s painting Olympia (1865) both explored
AMiddle-class materialism
BWomen’s sexuality
CReligious hypocrisy
DThe lives of prostitutes
Question: In keeping with an intellectual countercurrent to industrialization, Sir Charles Barry rebuilt the British Houses of Parliament in the
AClassical style
BBaroque style
CRomanesque style
DGothic style
Question: The new mass journalism of this period was characterized by
AAn increase in sensational stories in newspapers and an emphasis on spreading information quickly
BA broadening of the literary scope of newspapers, to keep up with the expansion of commercial fiction
CA merging of political opinions in newspapers toward the center, an increased desire for objectivity, and the abandoning of specific liberal, conservative, or socialist points of view
DIncreased prices to keep up with mounting wages and to boost profits for the new press barons
Question: The Reform Bill of 1832 was a political landmark because
AIt gave representation to manufacturing cities in the north and set a precedent for the expansion of the percentage of eligible voters
BIt granted a powerful voice to the numerically superior but materially poorer south
CUniversal suffrage was given to all men over the age of twenty-five
DWomen were granted the right to initiate divorce on grounds other than abandonment
Question: Bismarck sought to convince William I and the Junkers that a more powerful Germany could be built
ABy convincing Germans in Austria and elsewhere that we are all German brothers
BNot by speeches and majority decisions . . . but by iron and blood
CBy continuing . . . the congress system so effectively pioneered by our Austrian brother Count Metternich
DBy showing . . . a firm hand to our neighbors, . . . and a generous hand to our citizens
Question: The founding of the Indian National Congress in 1885 represented
AA milestone in Indian self-government
BA direct and unprecedented challenge to Britain’s right to rule by educated Indian elites
CYet another British increase in direct political control over the Indian subcontinent
DA liberalization of British policy toward Indian participation in colonial government
Question: In Great Britain, theorist Havelock Ellis (18591939) emerged as a practitioner of the new field of
ASinology
BPolitical economy
CSexology
DSociology
Question: After a brief war in 1898, Spain lost Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to
AMexico
BThe United States
CGreat Britain
DFrance
Question: The ideology that argued for the restoration of social and religious hierarchies was
ASocialism
BConservatism
CLiberalism
DUtilitarianism
Question: Violent attacks against Jews in Russia that were condoned by officials were known as
APomidors
BProstudas
CPogroms
DPodaroks
Question: In exchange for French help in driving Austria out of Italy, Cavour offered Napoleon III
AUnchallenged French occupation of Rome
BPiedmont-Sardinia’s support of French claims in the Balkans
CSavoy and the city of Nice
DSardinia
Question: In the late nineteenth century, industrialization tended to be capital intensive, which means that
AIndustries tended to mass themselves around capital cities
BCompanies were expected to produce high returns for their investors
CLarge amounts of money were needed to buy expensive machinery and equipment
DA handful of private banks made loans to the most profitable new industries
Question: One example of Metternich’s campaign of repression within the states of the German Confederation was the institution of the
AEnabling Law
BAct of Supremacy
CBurschenschaften
DCarlsbad Decrees
Question: The main difference between colonialism and imperialism was that
APeoples subject to imperialism developed an articulate and organized opposition; colonized peoples seldom coordinated opposition
BUnlike colonialism, imperialism was a more aggressive, directly exploitative form of political domination
CColonialism typically involved settlers dependent on slave labor, whereas imperialism involved more indirect forms of economic exploitation and political domination
DUnlike the European greed motivating colonialism, imperialism focused on exerting cultural rather than economic hegemony
Question: In the 1890s, Italy joined the race for imperial acquisitions and sent an army to conquer
AEthiopia, only to be soundly defeated
BArgentina, successfully establishing Italian control over Buenos Aires
CEthiopia, defeating the Ethiopian army at the battle of Adowa
DThe Sudan, which was, however, claimed by the British
Question: The candidate who won the first presidential election after the French Revolution of 1848 was
AAlphonse de Lamartine
BThe marquis de Lafayette
CLouis Blanc
DLouis-Napoleon Bonaparte
Question: In the Crimean War of 18531856, Britain and France fought to
ASave Greece from the Ottoman Empire
BDefend the Ottoman Empire from dismemberment by Russia
CProtect the Bulgarians from Austro-Hungary massacres
DStop Prussia from annexing parts of Denmark
Question: In the 1820s, socialists were more hostile to the status quo than were liberals because
ASocialists demanded that workers take over all the large factories without compensating former owners, while liberals said that owners should be reimbursed
BFactory workers who supported the socialists far outnumbered the liberals, who were backed by the middle classes
CMany former soldiers voted for socialists rather than liberals in elections because they identified the liberals with the regimes established by the Congress of Vienna
DSocialists believed that society had to be completely reorganized, whereas liberals wanted to make changes without upsetting the basic structure of society
Question: After touring Manchester, England, in the 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville concluded that
AConditions of factory workers were much better than previous observers had reported
BThe rapid development of industry was spreading wealth throughout society
CIndustrialization produced both great misery and great wealth at the same time
DMost workers were secretly engaged in trade union activity or even socialism
Question: The British made Canada a united, self-governing dominion in 1867, in part to
AReduce colonial administration expenses more urgently needed in India
BUndercut a demand by the United States that it be allowed to annex Canada
CEncourage the Irish to emigrate there
DEncourage other colonies to assimilate British mores, tastes, and opinions more quickly
Question: Napoleon III offered the Austrian emperor Francis Joseph’s brother, Maximilian
AHis allegiance in a Franco-Austrian war against Russia
BThe chance to replace the former king of Spain, recently overthrown in a military coup
CControl of Mexico and ultimately of all Central America
DHis support in Maximilian’s plan to seize the imperial throne from his brother
Question: The Russian Revolution of 1905 was caused by
ATroops firing on a crowd of workers protesting their inhumane working conditions
BTsar Nicholas II’s refusal to allow Lenin and his Bolsheviks back into the country after their exile
CA bitter dispute between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks in the Duma
DThe successful Boxer Uprising in China, inspiring Russian peasants to take up arms
Question: The crop failures of the mid-1840s not only drove up the price of food but also
ALed employers to demand that workers put in unpaid overtime to produce more goods to sell to overseas markets
BForced the military establishments of Europe to cut back on recruitment
CDestroyed medicines based on plant products, making it harder to fight infections
DDrove down demand for products, thereby creating widespread unemployment
Question: The discovery of this medicine removed a roadblock to European conquest of Africa.
AQuinine
BCola
CAspirin
DSodium bicarbonate
Question: Italian unification in 1861 was led by the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia because
AIt had industry, a good economy, a strong army, and the backing of France
BThe pope would work only with prime minister Camillo di Cavour and no one else
CIt was the home of Giuseppe Garibaldi and most of his Red Shirts
DIts strategic location meant that unification would be impossible without its support
Question: Which of the following was not true of the congress system established by the Congress of Vienna (18141815)?
AIt provided a new framework for international relations based on periodic meetings, or congresses, between major European countries
BIt served as an important vehicle for maintenance of the European status quo and the forces of conservatism
CIt led to a sudden shift of power from Prussia to Austria, as Metternich outmaneuvered the Prussian representative
DIt helped to prevent another major war until mid-century and another world war until 1914
Question: In general, large numbers from rural Sicily, Ireland, and Scandinavia emigrated because
AThe population was expanding so rapidly that these home countries did not have enough jobs to employ the growing labor pool
BNone of these countries was an independent, democratic state, and people left to find more freedom
CAmerican entrepreneurs who needed workers targeted these people and gave them large signing bonuses to emigrate
DThese three areas lagged behind the rest of Europe in unionization
Question: Which one of the following statements about the Industrial Revolution is false?
ABy the 1840s, a full 35 percent of the British labor force was employed in factories
BBy 1850, the German states had nearly twice as many miles of railroad as the French
CDuring the 1840s, German coal and iron output were 6 or 7 percent of the British output
DIn the 1840s, factories in England employed a mere 5 percent of workers
Question: Georges-Eugne Haussmann, who designed urban changes for Paris
AWorked to pipe clean water from the countryside to every dwelling in Paris
BEstablished public bathhouses in every section of the city
CInstalled public toilets for men and women in business districts
DBuilt multifamily dwellings for workers adjoining factories and railway stations
Question: In 1830, France invaded and established political control over Algeria and
ATahiti
BMicronesia
CGuyana
DIschia
Question: As industrialization advanced, the two problems that began to plague entrepreneurs most were skyrocketing start-up costs and
AExcessive state regulatory interference
BAn outmoded stock market system
CSupply that was greater than demand
DA steep rise in workers’ wages
Question: The Law of Indemnity, the Law of Sacrilege, the dissolution of the legislature, and the imposition of strict censorship were all undertaken by
ACharles X
BPrince Klemens von Metternich
CFerdinand VII
DFrederick William III
Question: In 1859, graffiti reading VERDI, which appeared on the walls of Italian cities, represented
AOpposition to the monarchy of Victor Emmanuel II, whose opponents used an insulting acronym for Victor Emmanuel Re d’Idioti (king of Idiots)
BA reference to the green (Italian verde) flag of the Piedmontese nationalists
CThe Italian people’s mania for the new operas of Giuseppe Verdi
DA cryptic call for Italian unification under the leadership of Vittorio Emmanuele Re d’Italia (king of Italy)
Question: Which of the following relationships was true in the 1960s?
AR&B influenced Nashville artists
BNashville artists influenced R&B
CNeither A nor B
DNashville artists influenced classical artists
Question: The Economist was established in 1843 to promote the free-trade goals of the
AAlliance Franais
BAnti-Corn Law League
CBritish and Imperial Merchants Association
DWorkers’ Alliance for Fair Prices
Question: In pursuing its program for modernization, the Meiji government
AGave overly favorable trade agreements to technologically advanced Western powers
BIncurred the wrath and intractable resistance of its artisan and merchant classes
CDid not tolerate anyone who opposed modernization
DReceived financial support from France
Question: Although Tsar Alexander II freed the serfs, a free, mobile labor force was stymied by
ALengthy military conscription that kept men in the army for twenty-five years
BA lack of roads and rail transport
CThe fact that zemstvos (local councils) often denied former serfs’ requests for permission to move
DThe fact that former serfs remained tied to a system of communal landowning and decision making
Question: Which of the following was not a reform granted by Emperor Francis Joseph in Austria-Hungary?
AEthnic minorities could receive an education
BEthnic minorities could use their own language to communicate with officials
CInternal trade barriers were lifted
DCompulsory military service ended for nobles and peasants
Question: Scientists Antoine Becquerel, Marie Curie, and Max Planck all argued that
AFellow scientist Alfred Nobel’s invention of dynamite in 1866 would one day lead to a worldwide military conflagration
BCompletion of the periodic table would revolutionize commercial application of chemical compounds by vastly facilitating their reproduction
CMatter was not solid but, rather, made up of mutable atoms, themselves made up of subatomic particles moving about a core
DThe spontaneous emission of radiation occurred directly from unstable atomic nuclei, which, if marshaled, could be used medically to treat tumors
Question: Russia encouraged anti-Japanese groups in which country?
AIndochina
BFormosa
CKorea
DManchuria
Question: Historians use the concept of a Second Industrial Revolution to refer to
AThe new sociocultural environment that emerged as a result of industrialization
BGerman industry’s surpassing of Great Britain in both output and profit
CThe rise of heavy industries (coal, iron, and steel), railroads, and electricity in Great Britain after textiles and steam power in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
DIndustrialization of former colonies like Canada and the United States
Question: The overall European population was growing at the end of the nineteenth century, but
AMost governments worried that they lacked enough manpower for their armies
BThe birthrate was falling in almost every country
CGovernments still struggled to collect enough taxes to pay for urban improvements
DAverage life expectancy did not increase
Question: In terms of their impact, what set Marx and Engels apart from other socialist and communist intellectuals?
AThey tried to suppress trade unions because they thought unions would slow the advance of socialism
BThe Communist Manifesto became the foundation document for communist revolutions around the world
CThey were willing to work with liberals and other reformers in England and Germany
DThey put religion, and particularly early Christianity, at the heart of their ideology
Question: Many European countries began to close the industrial gap with Great Britain from 1800 to 1840
AAnd these countries were generally able to close that gap by 1850 on their own initiative
BBut even by 1850, continental Europe was almost twenty years behind British industrialization
CAnd through economic cooperation and sharing of technical exports, continental countries caught up with Britain’s industrial production
DBut by 1850, they had failed to catch up to Great Britain because Britain had capitalized on its early industrialization and pulled even further ahead
Question: The reasoning behind the new British poor law in 1834, dubbed by its critics the Starvation Act, was that
AProviding food subsidies only to married women would reduce illegitimacy
BDenying workhouse access to women under thirty years of age would force their families to care for them
CReducing the amount of food offered to urban workhouse residents would compel them to leave and return to the countryside
DThe distress caused by the separation of family members from one another in workhouses would encourage the poor to move to areas of higher employment
Question: The Paris Commune of 1871 was established because
AParisian workers rebelled against the conservative government installed by Prussia
BThe women and men of Paris were outraged that the government planned to tear down their neighborhoods for urban renovation
CThe provisional government could not supply sufficient food to the capital during the Prussian siege of the city, so Parisians elected their own government to meet the crisis
DThe elections held under the new Third Republic deliberately underrepresented Paris, which was traditionally more radical than the rest of the country
Question: Which one of the following countries spent just as much on education in the last quarter of the nineteenth century as it did on its military?
AGermany
BGreat Britain
CFrance
DRussia
Question: The term modernity was often applied to this period because it
AOutlines the ways in which almost all aspects of European life saw a rejection of past methods, morals, and manners
BEncompasses both the fruits of industrialization and the general acceptance that liberal capitalism was the best method for bringing about social happiness
CDescribes the total abandonment of conventional social behavior in Europe, as characterized by extremely lax sexual mores and by anarchical economics
DCaptures the accelerated pace of life, urbanization, mass politics, and artistic responses to all of these changes