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Running head: IODINE 2
IODINE 2

Iodine
Mary Brewer
SCIN131

Abstract
This paper discusses the origin, characteristics, applications, and harmful effects of the chemical element iodine. The substance under discussion has a wide array of chemical and physical properties that determine its reaction with other elements. The essay finds that iodine is a halogen, readily soluble in organic substances and less soluble in water. The paper finds that iodine is a naturally occurring substance that was discovered in the 19th century. Since its discovery, iodine has found numerous applications in the medical, agricultural, and food industries. Further, the essay finds that iodine’s most important use is in the human body, where it is an essential trace element that facilitates normal bodily development and function. Its greatest harm is also seen to come from this function, where its deficiency leads to deficiency disorders that require medical attention.

Iodine
I. Introduction

The world of chemistry is a valuable part of human existence since it has led to discovering some of the most important chemical elements that facilitate the continuity of human life. Iodine is an essential element in the industrial, medical, and agricultural world. Since its discovery in the 1800s, iodine has benefited man and his environment.
A. Molecule Introduction

i. IUPAC name: Molecular iodine (PubChem, n.d.).
ii. Common name: iodine (PubChem, n.d.).
iii. Molecular formula: I2 (PubChem, n.d.).
iv. Source:
a) occurs naturally in nature and is commonly found in seawater.
b) Seaweeds are identified as the natural and most abundant iodine producers (Kaiho, 2014).
c) It can be found in brines in Japan and oil fields in the United States (Kaiho, 2014).
d) Iodine is observed in everyday life in the form of raw crystals and processed form as table salt.
v. Iodine was chosen for this project due to its significant benefits to human life. The substance also has a very appealing color when it is sublimed.

Fig 1. Iodine Crystals

Source: http://www.chemkits.eu/others/94-iodine-crystals-7553-56-2.html
Fig 2. Iodine Vapor

Source: https://www.chemedx.org/article/element-month-iodine

II. Chemical and Physical Description

A. Physical Characteristics

i. Iodine is a crystalline solid with a purple-black color that exudes a sharp odor. It is nonmetallic, but its crystals show a metallic finish (Kaiho, 2014).
ii. The boiling point and melting point iodine are 184℃ and 113.7℃, respectively (PubChem, n.d.).
iii. The density of solid iodine is 4.93g/cm3, and its vapor pressure stands at 0.3 mm Hg (PubChem, n.d.).
iv. It is slightly soluble in water, where it dissolves 0.03 g per 100 cc at 20 °C (PubChem, n.d.). The substance is readily soluble in most organic solvents since it lacks polarity (Kaiho, 2014).
B. Chemical Characteristics

i. Iodine belongs to the halogen family.
ii. Molecular iodine and its derivatives have been identified in the atmosphere over the last ten years (Saiz-Lopez et al., 2011).
iii. Iodine is an incombustible solid and holds the least volatility in the halogen family.
iv. The substance produces a toxic vapor when left at room temperature and in large amounts will reveal its purple-colored vapor.
III. The Discovery of Iodine

1. In 1811 Bernard Courtois, a French chemist, accidentally discovered a purple substance as he performed experiments with his copper vessels (Metrangolo & Resnati, 2011).
2. In 1814, the substance was proven to be a chemical element resembling chlorine based on research conducted by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (Kaiho, 2014).
3. The substance got the name iodine in 1814, and by 1816, iodine had found its way into industrial production as a sterilizing agent (Kaiho, 2014).
IV. Benefits and Uses of Iodine

1. Iodine is an essential trace element in living organisms and also an essential micronutrient in the human diet.
2. It serves as a disinfectant in the pharmaceutical industry. It is used as a microbicide in crop farming and added as a nutrient for crop growth (PubChem, n.d.).
3. Its nutritive benefits are derived from consuming foods grown in iodine-rich soils and seaweeds such as wakame and mekabu, widely used in Asian countries (Ahad & Ganie, 2010).
4. It has a wide array of biomedicine uses as a disinfectant and in X-ray imaging as a radiocontrast agent (Metrangolo & Resnati, 2011).
V. Harms of Iodine

1. Its absence in the human body yields iodine deficiency disorders which lead to stillbirths, abnormal brain development, goiter, and mental retardation in adults and adolescents (Ahad & Ganie, 2010).
VI. Conclusion

A. Iodine is a chemical element under the IUPAC name molecular iodine.
B. It is a crystalline solid with a purple-black color that exudes a sharp odor.
C. Iodine occurs naturally in seaweeds, where it is extracted for industrial purposes.
D. Iodine is widely applied as a disinfectant and microbicide.
E. It is an essential trace element in human beings that provides nutritional benefits.
F. Since its discovery in 1811, iodine has provided a significant health benefit to human beings. The lack or deficiency of the substance yields bodily disorders.
G. Iodine is an element that holds importance in the medical world and the survival of human beings.

References
Ahad, F., & Ganie, S. A. (2010). Iodine, Iodine metabolism and Iodine deficiency disorders revisited. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 14(1), 13-17. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3063534/

Kaiho, T. (2014). Iodine chemistry and applications (1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Metrangolo, P., & Resnati, G. (2011). Tracing iodine. Nature Chemistry, 3(3), 260-260. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.998

PubChem. (n.d.). Iodine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Iodine

Saiz-Lopez, A., Plane, J. M., Baker, A. R., Carpenter, L. J., Von Glasow, R., Gómez Martín, J. C., McFiggans, G., & Saunders, R. W. (2011). Atmospheric chemistry of iodine. Chemical Reviews, 112(3), 1773-1804. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr200029u