Cardiac output response to exercise

Chronic heart failure refers to a continuous heart failure to supply adequate blood to all body parts for efficient oxygen supply. It is caused by risk factors such as for overweight, diabetes, old age, and high blood pressure. It is prevalent in men. Acute heart failure occurs mostly very quickly and is considered a medical emergency, hence rapid intervention. Chronic heart failure is a condition that gradually develops over time; hence it is not detected at its early stages.
However, the two heart conditions have some similarities. Both acute and chronic heart failure have common symptoms such as chest pain, breathing shortness, and buildup of fluid but at different pace development. These conditions lead to vital mortality and morbidity in most patients. They are all a serious issue for the healthcare systems.
Contractility refers to the isovolumic pressure changes at the end of the diastolic volume. Cellular and biochemical factors determine contractility. These include the temperature and concentration of calcium. It can also be influenced by physiological factors such as heart rate, Anrep effect, and preload. For instance, the high heart rate makes the myocardium unable to eject intracellular calcium, hence the accumulation of calcium and increased contraction force.
Cardiac output is affected by changing the stroke volume and the heart rate. Hormones, reflexes of blood volume, and autonomic innervation are the essential factors, while emotions, ionic concentration in fluid, age, body temperature, and sex are secondary factors affecting cardiac output. For instance, electrolyte imbalance, high blood pressure, and reduced volume of extracellular fluid lower the cardiac output. Conversely, ejection fraction may be reduced by factors such as heart muscle weakness, heart valve disorders, and heart attack. A high ejection fraction of above 75% may lead to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which affects the normal pumping of blood.
References;
Abudiab, M. M., Redfield, M. M., Melenovsky, V., Olson, T. P., Kass, D. A., Johnson, B. D., & Borlaug, B. A. (2013). Cardiac output response to exercise in relation to metabolic demand in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. European journal of heart failure, 15(7), 776-785.
Reeves, G. R., Whellan, D. J., Patel, M. J., O’Connor, C. M., Duncan, P., Eggebeen, J. D., … & Kitzman, D. W. (2016). Comparison of frequency of frailty and severely impaired physical function in patients≥ 60 years hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure versus chronic stable heart failure with reduced and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. The American journal of cardiology, 117(12), 1953-1958.
 
 

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