UNDERSTANDING MORAL JUSTIFICATION

Question 1
             Moral justification is the act of convincing oneself that ethical standards do not apply to oneself in particular situations. It means that one attempts to convince themselves that an evil deed is justified to maintain a clear conscience. It’s a way to get oneself out of the hook by giving an atrocity a noble goal, for example, using mental illness as a scapegoat. When a killer is caught, odd behavior like a bad childhood, social interaction issues, and mental illness are often used as a scapegoat to maintain the normalcy status Quo, a denial that no one is capable of such an atrocity, so there has to be a driving force behind these actions. On the other hand, moral motivation involves a desire, interest, or belief, a motivating force that forces our judgment, whether good or bad. For example, if someone kills for love, the driving force/motivation behind it is jealousy. If one kills for his faith, his beliefs are the motivation behind his actions. Motivation is derived from the desire, driven by self-interest found deep within a person. The desire to do good or bad, the norms, virtues, vices are the forces behind moral motivation.
Question 2
Is religion needed for morality? or are the two distinctly separable?
Does religion make us more moral? And is morality judged on the divine law of command?
Question 3
            Psychological egoism suggests that our behavior is driven and motivated by self-interest. When people help others, they do it because it’s beneficial to them or stands to gain something from that act of charity. Humans do good deeds things with the belief that they will be rewarded in one way or another. Psychological egoism is irrefutable in the sense that it’s incontestable since a psychological egoist will prove that our actions are driven by self-interest; that is, for one to act, they must be benefiting from that act. Thus since no one can prove otherwise or counteract that fact, psychological egoism is therefore considered irrefutable.
Question 4
An Individual egoist believes that other people should serve his/her self-interest, whereas the universal egoist believes that everybody should pursue their self-interests. The individual egoist does not allow for other’s interests and well-being to be regarded as long as the choice/action benefits them. Still, a universal egoist cares for everybody’s interests and believes that everyone will be better if they did what is in their self-interest.
Question 5
The ability to understand, respect, and have a relationship that acknowledges cultural diversity without judging based on standards of your own culture is called cultural relativism. It helps one appreciate that no culture is superior to the other, and the opinions on ethics, morality, values, and norms are different and particular to different cultures.  Secondly, it prevents us from passing judgments and critics of intolerable practices such as female genital mutilation since relativism provides immunity to such acts. It helps people understand that all views are valid and right or wrong should be measured through consulting the standards, norms, and ways of that society.
Question 6
The general form of hypothetical imperatives states that what one desires if one has the means and the power needed to accomplish it, must act on that desire. For example, if one desires to pass, they should read.
Question 7
Kant argues that only actions are done in others’ interest, which is done from a good moral motive, other than those done for personal gains, are morally praiseworthy. He says that ‘an action should be rewarded only if it’s done for duty.’
Question 8
One of the critiques leveled on Kant’s theory is that it focuses on obligations and rights, neglecting other ethical categories such as virtues, norms, characters. Since it focuses mainly on principles and rules, it’s baseless. G.W.F Hegel criticized Kant’s theory saying that ethics do not provide specific information on how people should conduct themselves; thus, Kant’s theory lacks content, making it baseless. It can’t contain a supreme principle of morality as intended. He says that Kant believes that moral values are connected with desires and self-interest, but he believes humans can overcome desires and commit to reason before acting.
Question 9
The veil of ignorance in Rawl’s theory was meant to promote better decision-making by denying the decision-makers access to information that could adversely affect their decision-making. It was meant to favor the greater good by denying people access to biased details, affecting their interests and motivation. It enables decision-makers to make socially beneficial choices.
                                                            Question 10
Gauthier proposes a principle that would be mutually beneficial and fair and in line with the set moral standards, a principle where choices are based on an agreed basis of cooperation. This means that one cannot act on their self-interest but instead are committed to acting according to the mutually publicly set moral standards. In this case, morality will be determined by the set rules and laws.

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