The upper limb refers to the forelimbs of tetrapod vertebrae that are upright postured; they extend from the clavicles and the scapulae going down to the shoulders, wrist, knuckle joints and the elbow.
These bones include the humerus, radius, scapula, ulna, clavicle and hand bones.
Humerus.
This is a long bone of the arm that extends from the shoulder down to the elbow; it serves as a connection of the scapula and the radius and ulna, which are the lower arm’s bones.
The humerus comprises three sections: a rounded head, two short processes, and the narrow neck. This bone’s body is in the form of a cylinder in the upper portion and more prismatic in the lower part.
Radius.
This is along bone located in the forearm, which lies parallel and laterally to the ulna; it pivots on the ulna to create movements in the distal radio-ulnar and proximal joints.
This bone’s shape is prism-shaped, longitudinally slightly curved, and it is a type of long bone. It has two parts which include the wrist and the elbow. The elbow joins to the humerus at the capitulum and connects to the ulna in the radial notch.
Scapula.
This is a shoulder bone that joins the humerus to the collar bone. This bone is also referred to as the shoulder blade, which resembles the shape of a triangle. It plays a role in providing stability to other bones that play a role in the shoulder motion rhythm.
The scapula is made up of three borders which include the medial, superior and lateral borders. Superior bone is the sharpest, and it has a scapular notch at the ending.
Ulna.
This is a long bone found in the forearm, which extends from the elbow to the smallest finger. It is located on the medial side of the forelimb. It is placed in parallel to the radius.
It has a radius pivoting that enables movement where it articulates to the humerus at the elbow joint.
REFERENCE.
Kuiken, T. A., Barlow, A. K., Hargrove, L., & Dumanian, G. A. (2017). Targeted muscle reinnervation for the upper and lower extremity. Techniques in orthopedics (Rockville, Md.), 32(2), 109.
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