Biology-Oxidative Phosphorylation (Ox-Phos) includes the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and ATP Synthase.

Help me study for my Biology class. I’m stuck and don’t understand.

hi I have a assignment for biology that I HAVE MOST OF the answers too but I need someone to REFLECT at my friends answers and to use the other attachment in order to reword everything in ur own words. SOME OF THE QUESTIONS ARE DIFFERENT AND SOME ARE NOT INCLUDED SO MAKE SURE TO READ EACH ONE I cannot have any plagerism I had someone do this for me and all they did was reword the words in each sentence and that won’t work, also the drawings to rewdraw

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Bio 103 (S21)DE- DQ7
Betancourt
DISCUSSION ASSIGNMENT #7: Lecture 11-13
User-friendly (IMO) resources
Here’s a fantastic overview and should be used as a resource for lectures 10-13. There are self-check
quizzes, short webpage articles and videos (copy/paste link into browser)
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation
Bioninja is great too.
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-2-molecular-biology/28-cell-respiration/aerobic-respirati
on.html
Lecture 11
1. Glycolysis starts with one molecule of ______, however, from step #_______ and on, there are
TWO molecules (same product, just two of them), made per step. Explain why this is.
2. For every molecule of glucose,
a.) At what step of glycolysis are energy-storing product molecule made (list by step #, and product
name/quantity), and in which subsequent major glucose metabolism process will each be used?
b.) The first five steps of glycolysis are said to be energy investing. Explain why.
c.) The last five steps of glycolysis are said to be energy harvesting. Explain why.
3. What is the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the substrate(s) and product(s) for each type of phosphorylation? Which process results in a
product that stores and thus provides more energy for a cell? Explain.
4. As is true for any cellular process, proper regulation is critical, (too little or too much of something is
not a good thing). How glycolysis is regulated? To explain this, use one bullet point per molecule that
gets regulated. For each bullet point- name the specific molecules that get regulated, describe in
detail the mechanism for each regulatory process, and explain why this “make sense” given the cell’s
surroundings/status?
5. Using the following template (modify as needed), describe each step of glycolysis. Come up with
symbols to denote: use of ATP, generation of ATP, generation of an electron carrier, Step that is
regulated. (You may find making a table here useful for study purposes or for making flashcards)
(put symbol(s) here) Step x: “The enzyme, NAME, catalyzes the ACTION (i.e. phosphorylation,
oxidation, isomerization, cleavage etc) of the substrate(s) NAME(s), to generate the product(s)
NAME(s). (If applicable: To do so it requires the COFACTOR or other molecule for PURPOSE and
releases NAME(s) as a by-product.).
Example Step 7: Phosphoglycerate Kinase [enzyme], catalyzes the de-phosphorylation [action] of 1,3
Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) [substrate] to generate 3-Phosphoglycerate (3PG) [product]. To do so, it
requires the co-enzyme, ADP. Phosphoglycerate Kinase transfers the PO4 from C’1 of BPG to ADP,
thus generating an energy-storing molecule of ATP. This happens for each molecule of BPG. thus
generation 2 ATP.
6. For Pyruvate Oxidation,
a.) What is/are the input substrate molecule(s)? Where do(es) the input molecule(s) come from and
how is/are it/they made?
b.) Where does pyruvate oxidation occur (compare euk vs prok)? For eukaryotes, how does the input
molecule get to the correct place?
Bio 103 (S21)DE- DQ7
Betancourt
c.) Draw and describe what happens during Pyruvate oxidation.
d.) Is it energy releasing or requiring? What major glucose metabolism process is it involved in.
e.) What is/are the end product(s)?
f.) What process happens next (if any)?
Lecture 12
1. (You may find a large table here is helpful in organizing this info…)For every molecule of glucose,
a.) at what step of the citric acid cycle are energy-storing product molecules made (list by step #, and
product name/quantity), and in which subsequent major glucose metabolism process will each be
used?
b.) What steps are redox reactions? Why is redox important (i.e. what does it produce?)
c.) In what steps is the number of carbons on the substrate decreased? What is the byproduct?
d.) What steps are endergonic? exergonic? Is the net cell process exer or ender-gonic?
2. Explain why we call this a “cycle” but glycolysis is a linear reaction?
3. As is true for any cellular process, proper regulation is critical, (too little or too much of something is
not a good thing). Explain, in specific detail and with proper scientific terminology, how the citric acid
cycle is regulated. Include all major players and describe how it gets activated AND/OR inhibited and
why.
4. Using the same template as above (in lec 11 question #5), modify as needed. Describe each step
of TCA. Come up with symbols to denote: use of ATP, generation of ATP, generation of an electron
carrier, Steps that are regulated, and steps where substrate loses a carbon/CO2 is released.
*** MAKE SURE TO Explain Step 5 of CAC, in chronological detail and also discuss how is
ATP (directly and indirectly) made in different cell types?
Lecture 13
1. Oxidative Phosphorylation (Ox-Phos) includes the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and ATP
Synthase.
a.) What is the major role/goal of the ETC?
b.) What is the major role/goal of ATP synthase?
c.) What similarities do you notice between Ox-Phos and Active transport of Glucose?
2. Anaerobic metabolism occurs in the absence of cellular oxygen and involved 2 major cell
processes: Glycolysis and _____.
a.) What are the two mechanisms of anaerobic metabolism?
b.) What specific cell types undergo each mechanism of anaerobic metabolism?
c.) What are the net energy storage products made by each mechanism and in what major process
are each made?